IS 



BATTLEMENT. 



BAY. 



of Lincoln Cathedral, the Tomb-house at Windsor, the Lady Chapel at 

 Peterborough, and the great battlement at King's College Chapel, 

 Cambridge. Sometimes on the exterior of a building, and often within, 

 the Tudor or three-leaved flower, forming a point at the top, is used 



[From the tower of Lincoln Cathedral, from a sketch by G. Moore, Arch.] 



<>n the battlement, an at the screens in the choir of Exeter Cathedral ; 

 and ^here are a few instances of the upper part of a battlement 

 aiialagous in form to it, in small works erected long before this date 

 as at Northampton Cross. But Waltham Cross, erected at the same 



[Northampton Croei, from an original sketch by 0. Moore, Arch.] 



time, is without this finish. Some battlements of this period, especially 

 in very rich designs, have, in lieu of the Tudor flower, a finial on the 

 top of pierced quatrefoils, as at Woolpit and Blithborough Churches in 

 Suffolk and Norfolk. Of plain battlements in the Perpendicular style 

 there are many varieties. Some are formed with nearly equal inter- 

 vals, and with a plain coping placed both horizontally and vertically. 

 Castellated battlements have the embrasures between the battlements 

 nearly equal to the width of the battlements themselves ; sometimes 



[Turret of King's College Chapel, Cambridge.] 



they have wide battlements and narrow embrasures, with the coping 

 moulding placed horizontally, and the gides cut plain. Another battle- 

 ment consists of a moulding running round the battlement and the 

 embrasure, while a capping is set upon the horizontal part of the em- 

 brasure and battlement, as at York Minster. The most common 



[York Muuter.] 



battlement towards the close of this period has a broad cornice, con- 

 sisting of several mouldings, running both vertically and horizontally, 

 the embrasure* being very often much narrowed and the battlement 

 enlarged. 



The battlement, which was originally designed for the protection of 

 the besieged, became afterwards merely an ornament to an edifice ; 



being used as an ornament to the transoms of windows, and in other 

 curiously inappropriate positions. .A most remarkable example of the 



[Buttress, with battlements, at Loddon Church, Norfolk.] 



excessive use of it as a decoration ia shown in the annexed cut, repre- 

 senting the top of a buttress at Loddon Church-, Norfolk. 



BAXTERIANS, a name which is applied to those who adopt the 

 theological system of Richard Baxter. The name is now almost extinct ; 

 but Baxterianism is still the resting place of many who do not approve 

 of the extremes of Calvinism. The Baxterians hardly ever attained 

 the rank of a separate denomination, even when they were most 

 numerous; and they are now completely scattered among different 

 communions. Their writings are most popular among the orthodox 

 dissenters. 



Baxterianism occupies a sort of middle place between Arminianism 

 and Calvinism. It is not correct to say that it reconciles the two 

 schemes. It only connects them by showing that portions from each 

 may be made to harmonise with each other. Hence it would be more 

 properly described as a system of theology framed out of the systems 

 of Calvin and Arminius, and becoming itself the point of union between 

 them. Its chief merit is supposed to consist in the amalgamation of 

 the Arminian doctrine of free grace with the Calvinistic doctrine of 

 election. The Baxterians profess to believe that a certain number, 

 determined upon in the divine counsels, are elected to salvation without 

 respect to their good works. To this extent they receive the doctrine 

 of effectual calling. But to make their view of the operation and 

 comprehensiveness of divine favour complete, they contend that . all to 

 whom the gospel is preached are placed in a condition for securing 

 their own salvation. Hence they think with Calvin that Christ died 

 in a special manner for the elect ; and, in a more general sense, for all 

 others who come within the light of the gospel. The Calvinistic tenet 

 of reprobation forms no part of their system. 



The grounds on which Baxter contended that the death of Christ 

 put all men in a state of salvation are briefly these : 1st, Because Christ 

 assumed the human nature, and bore the sins of the human race ; 

 2nd, Because pardon and life were offered to all mankind on condition 

 of acceptance, "Whosoever believeth shall be saved;" and, 3rd, 

 Because it is not to the elect alone, but to all men, that the benefits of 

 the gospel are proclaimed. 



The arguments by which the learned divines of this school prove the 

 elect to have a superior interest in the death of Christ over the non- 

 elect, are deeply tinctured with that metaphysical subtlety of which 

 Bishop Burnet complains as the great blemish of Baxters writings. 

 The hypothesis, in a few words, may be thus stated : that Christ has 

 made a conditional gift of the benefits accruing from his death to al) 

 mankind ; but to the elect the gift is absolute and irreversible ; from 

 which he draws the inference that, notwithstanding the positive 

 possession of these advantages was decreed to the few, yet condition- 

 ally the benefit was extended to all. 



The Baxterians are greatly opposed to Autinomiaiiism. Faith without 

 works they hold to be an unscriptural and dangerous tenet. Several 

 of the minor doctrines of Calvinism are adopted in a modified sense, 

 among which may be mentioned justification and the perseverance of 

 the saints. They advocate the certainty of perseverance, but incline 

 to the opinion that it may be lost by too weak a degree of saving 

 grace. 



In all the Baxterian deviations from the system of Calvin there is a 

 decided leaning to more comprehensive views. Baxter was himself 

 opposed to the narrowing of the terms of salvation, and designed to 

 remove every appearance of exclusiveness in the operation of divine 

 favour from the system which he took such pains to adjust and pro- 

 mulgate. The most eminent divines who have embraced these opinions 

 since the death of their author are Watts and Doddridge men who 

 have both illustrated in their works and lives the candid and amiable 

 spirit of the school to which they belonged. 



(Calamy's Abridgment of Mr. Baxter's History of his Life and Times, 

 2nd edit. 1713; Baxter's Catholic Theology ; Buck's Theological Dic- 

 tionary.) 



BAY, m architecture, a division or compartment in a building 

 formed by the main ribs of the vaulting, the principals of the roof ; 

 the main beams or arches, pillars, pilasters, or buttresses, or auy other 

 principal features which divide the building into corresponding com- 

 partments. The space between the rnullions of a window is also some- 

 times, but improperly, called a bay : it is more correctly called a light. 



