it BAYONET. 



eatoplt in it* ornamental work, but, in all probability, complete in 

 ita history. 



Thi* extraordinary piece of needle-work for tuch it i, though 

 tiled Upeetry U now preserved in the H6tol de Ville at Bayou*. It 

 wed to be kept coiled round a machine, like that which let* <lnn the 

 bueketi of a well, and exhibited by being drawn out at leisure over a 

 table ; but it u now kept under glass, in the public lil.rary. The 

 coloured platee of it, published by the Society of Antiquaries, from the 

 drawings of Mr. Charles Stothard, in the 4th volume of the ' Vetusta 

 MoraoMftta,' will enable any one to form a very accurate notion of it H 

 aetnsl appearance. Platee i. to xvi. represent the whule, one fourth 

 si** of the original The zviith plate give* a' portion of the true 

 tee. Dibdin, in hi* ' Bibliographical Tour,' vol. i. |>. 377, has engraved 

 view of it upon iu machine. Thierry, in the Allan of Platee to his 

 ' HUtoire de U Conquete de 1'Angleterre per lea Nonnands, cinqmemc 

 &L' 1839, ha* engraved a reduced fao-aimile of the tapestry. It has 

 aleo been engraved on a reduced scale, in colours, from the plates in 

 the ' VetusU Monumenta,' in ' The Bayeux Tapestry Elucidated,' by 

 J. C. Bruce, LL.D., 8vo, Loud., 1855, the latest and most complete 

 work on the subject. 



It was long since decided by the French antiquaries, that this work 

 is of the age of the Conquest, the AbW de U Hue alone maintaining 

 that it was executed in the time of our Henry I. Those persona how- 

 ever among the English antiquaries whose particular learning and 

 knowledge render them competent judges of the authenticity of this 

 tapestry, unite in the conviction that ita own internal evidence corro- 

 borates* the ancient tradition which the French antiquaries adopted. 

 It represents the minutest manners and customs of the earliest Nor- 

 man times in England; and was evidently designed while the particulars 

 of the contest were known and fresh in recollection. Jt embraces 

 several events of which no other record now exists, amongst which 

 may be noticed the taking of Dinant, and the war between the Duke 

 of Normandy and Conan, earl of Bretogne. Nor does any other notice 

 exist of the service rendered by Harold to Duke William, during his 

 war in Brittany. It is not a little remarkable, too, that in the com- 

 partment which represents the funeral procession of Edward the 

 Confessor, a figure is portrayed placing a weathercock upon the spire 

 of Westminster Abbey, indicating that the building was scarcely 

 finished at the time of his decease. Ducarel, as we have already men- 

 tioned, says, that this tapestry, when exhibited at Bayeux, went exactly 

 round the nave of the church. 



Odo, it is to be remarked, makes the most conspicuous appearance, 

 next to Duke William, of any Norman personage represented in the 

 tapestry ; and three figures, Wadard, Tttrold, and Vital, apparently 

 unimportant personages, were really among the chief of those whom 

 Odo brought into the field. Wadard and Vitalis, with the son of a 

 person named Turold, are recorded, twenty years after the Con.|in-t, 

 among the under-tenant* of Odo, as persons rewarded with lands, in 

 the Domesday Survey. Wadard held property under the bishop in n.. 

 fewer than six counties ; Vitalis held lands under Odo in Kent ; and 

 the eon of Turold in Essex. (Ellis's ' Introduction and Indices to 

 Demesday,' vol. ii. p. 403.) These circumstances cannot but appear 

 convincing, not only that the tapestry is of the age assigned to it by 

 tradition, and was worked expressly for the bishop's cathedral, but 

 render it very probable that it was a present from Matilda, the 

 Conqueror's queen, as a grateful memorial of the effective service 

 which Odo had rendered in the Conquest. 



BAYONET. [ABM.] 



BAZAAR. The word baaiar is Persian, and its primary meaning is 

 marktt, a/ontm. In Turkey, Egypt, Persia, and India this term clm- 

 tinguiahes those parte of towns which arc exclusively appropriated to 

 trad*. In this exclusive appropriation they resemble our markets ; 

 but in other respects they approximate more nearly to our retail shop*. 

 We have interpreted the word in ita large sense ; for although the 

 term bazaar is in this country commonly understood to mean an 

 assemblage of shops or stalls under cover, yet in fact it equally applies 

 to open places in which bulky commodities are offered for sale. Sm-li 

 places sometimes occur in eastern towns, and are used chiefly in the 

 early morning, at least in summer, for the sale of vegetables and 

 If a place in the open ground outside a town In- commonly ap; 

 this use, it will be called a bazaar, and will be distinguish 

 other canes, by joining to the word "bazaar" the name of th> 

 nvIity sold. In Urge towns, however, such markets are g> 

 near or in the midst of the regular covered bazaars ; except the market 

 for cattle, which is always outside or at the extremity of the town. 

 In some places bazaar* are rather extensive squares, the sides of which 

 re lined with shops under arcades. In a few case* the cover, 

 liranch off with some regularity from these squares as from a centre : 

 and in one of the best specimens of the oj>cn market, at Kermanshah 

 In Persia, the palace of the prince-governor occupies one of its sides. 

 When, however, as In this and some other Instances, the princip 

 area in the city Is thus appropriated, IU distinctive appellation of the 

 Maidam, or aqnore, U retained. 



The regular bazaars consist of a connected scries of streets and 

 lanes, and, when of a superior description, they are vaulted with high 

 brick roofs. The domes or cupolas which surmount the vaulting 

 admit a subdued daylight; and, as all direct rays of the sun are ex- 

 cluded, comparatively low temperature U obtained. The description 



BAZAAR. 10 



of a good bazaar in Persia is a description of a good bazaar in Turkey 

 or India. Nevertheless, the Persian bazaars are rather more light and 

 lively than those of Turkey. They are painted in many places, and 

 sometimes decorab ' .rly under the dome*, with portraits of 



the heroes of the country, with reprosentstioi or hunU, 



with figures of real or fabulous animals, anil with other subjects. The 

 approaches to the bazaars are commonly lined with low shops, in \\hi.-h 

 commodities of little value are exposed for sale. These approaches are 

 sometimes open to the sky ; but they are more generally covered in a 

 ni'le manner with branches of trees, and leaves laid upon beau 

 many of the provincial towns of Turkey and Persia, the bazaar, as a 

 whole, would answer to this last description; an<l in others it is 

 nothing more than a mud platform . -miuuol along tl 

 two feet above the footpnth, on which little covered shops are raised, 

 that ore mere boxes, scarcely affording room for the vendor to ti; 

 on a bit of carpet or felt in the midst of his scanty stock. 



In the beet specimens of the vaulted bazaar the passages ar> 

 on each side with a uniform series of shops, the floor of which is a plat- 

 form raised from two to three feet above the level of the ground, and 

 faced with brick. As the vault springs from the front of the i 

 shops, they seem like a series of recesses, and the partition-walls 

 between them appear like piers up]M>rting the arch. These recoMoa 

 are entirely open in front, in all their height and breadth ; they ore 

 scarcely more than very small closets, seldom exceeding six feet in 

 breadth, rarely so deep as wide, but generally from eight to ten ; 

 height, and occasionally more. But in the more respectable part* of 

 large bazaars there is generally a little door in the lack wall which 

 conducts to another small and d.n L . I..-.-1, which serves the purpose of 

 a store-room. The front cell is the shop, on the floor of which the 

 master sits with his goods all around him, the articles moat in d 

 Wini: placed so within his reach that he has seldom occasion to rise, 

 which, if ho is a Turk, he rarely does without manifest reluctance. 

 Such a dealer offers a very singular contrast to our ideas of a 

 keeper, being tin v, i y personification of luxurious repose as 'he sit* 

 smoking his pipe ; or, if in winter, when these berths are chilly and 

 uncomfortable, bending over a brazier of burning charcoal. The 

 neighbouring shopkeepers have much communication with one another, 

 and generally exhibit as much ala.-rity in promoting the intent' 

 neighbour as can be compatible with attention to their own. Indeed, 

 a stranger might be disposed to imagine that all the tradesmen in the 

 same line of business are in a general partnership, so little anxiety 

 does any one exhibit to obtain a preference, and so willingly does he 

 inform a customer where he may obtain an article more exactly suited 

 to his wanta than he can himself supply. This is more apparent in 

 Turkey thau in 1'eraia. Persian, Armenian, and Jewish shopkeepers 

 are in general more civil and obliging than Turks, and exhibit more 

 anxiety to obtain custom. The writer has often been constrained ' _v 

 the former to turn aside and smoke of their pipes, and eat of their 

 onions and bread, without being directly urged to make any purchase ; 

 but it is more pleasant to deal with a Turk, though he would not do 

 this, because he deserves more confidence, yet not implicit confi . 

 in matters of purchase and sale. A French writer (M. Atibert de 

 Vitry) says, " It is not necessary to offer a Turk less than two-thirds 

 of the pnce he demands ; to a shopkeeper of any other nai 

 may be safely offered ; and in the case of the Jews there is no limit to 

 the abatement." This is perfectly true ; and no stranger in the East 

 could have a better rule for his guidance in such matters. 



Business commences and terminates with daylight in oriental bazaars. 

 No trade or handicraft employment is in general carried on in the 

 East by caudle-light. None of the shopkeepers or artisans reside in 

 the bazaars. When it gets dork, every one shuts up his shop and goes 

 home. The fastenings of the shops ore very slight ; but the bazaar* 

 are in general well watched, and frequently secured with strong gate*. 

 In very warm countries it is usual for the majority of the shopkeepers 

 to close their shops at mid-day, and go home to have their lunch and 

 enjoy a siesta. The bazaars have then a very desorted appearance, 

 the bazaars ore scarcely known iu Turkey; hen. 

 do not hesitate to leave their .-hops quite open, without 

 any ono in charge, during their occasional absence*; but when a rath, -r 

 long absence is intended, and the goods are of great value, a net, like a 

 cabbage-net, is ng up in front, or laid over the goods. 



' bazaars is, that all the shop* of a 

 instead of liviiig iliKjit-ryed in dirTci, Mil street* as 



in Km. pc. and that in this collected form tli trades and 



occupations aro severally associated in diU'cicut |rts of the bazaar, 

 instead nf L.-ing indincriminaU'ly mingled as in our streets. Thus, one 

 passage of the bazaar will be exclusively occupied by drapers, another 

 by tailors, another by cap-makers, another by saddlers, and < on. Iu 

 tl,. i tza.ii "I !' i -i.-. :iiid,.iltle-ii d, I. - 'i -ii 'ilu . :n th...-i- ..f Tmk.A . the 

 shop-, of provisions for immediate u form on exception to the rule. 



dispersed in different part* . 



bazaar; the preparations in the former seldom extend beyond soups, 

 and a sort of sausage without skin, called kaboab, a highly-seasoned sod 

 article, which is much relished both in Turkey and Persia. 

 Not only .ire. trades carried on, but handicraft employment* are exer- 

 cised in the bazaars of the East; and thus while one port is very quid . 

 another resounds with the hammers of carpenters, smiths, and shoe- 

 makers. The stocks of the individual dealers ore seldom of much 



