BDELLIUM. 



BBAD8. 



u transacted in the palaces at night, which is not known in the bazaars 

 UM> next morning. This intercourse hu often exercised an influence 

 upon public iffain which none but the moot minute inquirer* into 

 orient*) history would suspect. 



The various characteristic display* of oriental manners which the 

 hasaan furnish, the nature of the goods exposed for sale, and the 

 splendid appearance they sometimes make, the manner in which the 

 artisans conduct their various labours, the endless variety of picturesque 

 fmstiimm which meet the eye, and the Babel-like confusion of tongue*, 

 all combine to form a scene of unequalled singularity and interest. No 

 tiaveller who does not, in some oriental costume, sedulously frequent 

 the basaars and make many little purchases for himself, ought to feel 

 assured that he understands the people, or has materials for l.iii ly 

 nti rusting their condition. The remarks here made are the result of 

 the writer s intimate personal acquaintance with the bazaars of the East. 



In this country the term bazaar is chiefly applied to large buildings, 

 in which are arranged counters for the display and sale of articles of 

 ornament, milliner)-, jewellery, toys, Ac. They chiefly differ fn>m 

 arcades in not having distinct shops. [ ABCADE.] These bazaars are of 

 very recent date ; the Soho Bazaar, the oldest establishment of the 

 kind in the metropolis, having been founded in 1815. But the modern 

 bazaar scarcely diners from the old Royal Exchange, and Exeter 'Change 

 in the Strand, so often spoken of in the lighter literature of the latter 

 part of the 17th, and early part of the 18th centuries. Besides the 

 Soho Bazaar, there are in London the Pantheon, in Oxford Street ; the 

 Portland Bazaar, ' jmgtum Place ; the London Crystal Palace, Portland 

 Street, Oxford Street ; the Pantechnicon, Pimlico ; and the Baker 

 Street Bazaar, near Portman Square. The two hut, however, differ 

 from the other bazaars in being places for the sale of carriages, furni- 

 ture, pianofortes, and other heavy goods. Bazaars for the sale of light 

 fancy goods, toys, Ac., of a imilr description to the London bazaars, 

 have also been established in many of the larger towns and watering- 

 places in various parts of the country. 



On the continent, the bazaar U sometimes a market-place ; sometimes, 

 as at Antwerp, an Exchange combined with a place for the display ami 

 sale of articles of luxury, or a bazaar in our ordinary acceptation of 

 the term. 



BDELLIUM. Two resinous substances have both received this 

 name. One is the Indian Bdellium, or falte myrrh, and is obtained from 

 the Amyrit Commiphora. It is the bdellium of Scripture. The other is 

 termed African Bdellium, and isproduced from the plant Jfendolotia 

 Africana, a native of Senegal. The Indian bdellium is very similar to 

 myrrh, and the tree which produces it diffuses a grateful fragrance to 

 some distance around it. The African bdellium is much less odori- 

 ferous ; it occurs in rounded or oval masses, from one to two inches in 

 diameter, and has a dull wax-like fracture. According to Pelletier, it 

 consists of 



Soluble fum 

 Bauorin . 

 Eucntial oil and km 



59-0 

 9-1 



30-6 

 1-2 



100-0 



Johnston gives the formula C W H,,O, for bdellium (African ?). 



BDE'LLITTM, Medical utet of. Resembling myrrh in appearance, it 

 also resembles it in its effects upon the human system, and is often 

 fraudulently substituted for it ; it is, however, weaker, while it is 

 more disagreeable and acrid. [BALSAIIODENDBON.] It was formerly 

 used in many compounds and plasters, such as diachylon. It is now 

 disused in Britain ; but is to be found intermixed with gum Arabic. 



The bdellium mentioned in the second chapter of Genesis has been 

 supposed to mean pearli. 



BEACON, a sign or token ordinarily raised upon some foreland or 

 high ground as a sea mark. It is also used for the fire-signal which 

 was formerly set up to alarm the interior of the country ujHrn the 

 approach of a foreign enemy. The word, as used in England, in 

 derived from the Anglo-Saxon beacen or beacn, a sign or signal, whence 

 bycuisn, to show or point out. Heuc or bee is the real root, which we 

 still have in brck, beckon. 



Fire* by night, as signals, to convey the notice of impending dangei 

 to distant place* with the greatest expedition, have been used in 

 almost all countries. They are mentioned in the prophecies of Jere- 

 miah, who (chap. vi. v. i.) says, " Set up a sign of fire in Beth-haocerem 

 for evil appeareth out of the north, and great destruction." ^Enchy his 

 in his play of the ' Agamemnon,' represents the intelligence of the cap- 

 tor* of Troy as conveyed to the Peloponnesus by fire-beacons. 



Lord Coke, in his ' Fourth Institute,' chap, xxv., speaking of our own 

 beacons, says, " Before the reign of Edward III. they were but stacks 

 of wood set tr on high places, which were fired when the coming o 

 nemie* was descried ; but in his reign pitch-boxes, as now they be 

 were, instead of those stscks, set up ; and this properly is a beacon.'' 

 Thaw beacons had watches regularly kept at them, and horsemen 

 called bobbcUr* were stationed by most of them to give notice in day 

 time of an enemy's approach, when the fire would not be seen. (Carnd 

 'Brit.' in ' Hampuhire; edit, 178W, vol. i |, 1 



The Oottonian manuscript in the British Museum, Augustus I. 

 vol. i. art. 81, preserve* a plan of the harbours of Poole, Purbeck, Ac. 

 followed (art 38) by a chart of the coast of Dorsetshire from Lyme to 



ft'eymouth, both exhibiting the beacons which were erected on the 

 Dorsetshire coast against the Spanish invasion in 1688. Art 68 pre- 

 serves a similar chart of the coast f Suffolk from Orwell Haven to 

 jlorlston, near Yarmouth, with the several forts and beacons erected on 

 that coast. 



The power of erecting beacons was originally in the king, and was 

 usually delegated to the lord high admiral. In th* eighth of ElizaWth 

 an Act passed touching sea marks and mariners (chap. 13), by which 

 :he corporation of the Trinity House of l)eptfr<l Stn.ud -.-.. i. . m- 

 M>wered to erect beacons and sea-marks on the shores, foreland 

 jf the country according to their discretion, and to continue and 

 the same at the cost of the corporation. 



Professor Ward, in his ' Observations on the Antiquity and Use of 

 Beacons in England' (' ArchtDologia,' vol. i. p. 4), says, the money due 

 or payable for the maintenance of beacons was called JJecanayium, and 

 was levied by the sheriff of the county upon each Inin.lr.-.!. a.- 

 by an ordinance in manuscript for the county of Norfolk, issued to 

 Robert de Monte and Thomas de Bardolfe, who Kit in Parliament as 

 barons, 14th Edward II. 



The wanner of watching the beacons, particularly upon i 

 the time of Queen Elizabeth, may be gathered from the in-' 

 two contemporary manuscripts printed in the ' Archceologia,' vol. viii. 

 pp. 100, 183. The surprise of those by the sea-side was usually a 

 matter of policy with on invading enemy, to prevent the alarm of an 

 arrival from being spread. 



An iron beacon or fire-pot may still be seen standing upon the tower 

 of Hadley Church in Middlesex. Oough, in his edition of t'amd. n, 

 fol. 1789, vol. iii. p. 281, says, "at Ingleborough, in York i 

 west edge, are remains of a beacon, ascended to by a flight of stops, 

 and ruins of a watch-house." Collinson, in his ' History of s, . 

 shire,' 4to, 1791, vol. ii. p. 5, describes the fire-hearths of four large 

 beacons as remaining in his time upon a hill called Dtuikery Be..- 

 that county. He also mentions the remains of a watch-house for a 

 beacon at Dundry (vol. ii. p. 105). Beacon-hills occur in some part or 

 other of most counties of England which have elevated groum!. Tin- 

 Herefordshire beacon U well known. Gough, in his addition* t ('amden, 

 ut supr. vol. i. p. 394, mentions a beacon hill at Harescombe in Glouces- 

 tershire, inclosed by a transverse vallation 50 feet deep. Salmon, in hi* 

 ' History of Hertfordshire,' p. 349,says, at Therfield, on a hill west of 

 the church, stood one of the four beacons of this county. 

 BEACON. [LIGHT-HOUSE.] 

 1'. K A D-MOU LDI N G. [MOULDINGS.] 



BEADLE, the messenger or apparitor of a court, who cites persons 

 to appear to what is alleged against them. It is prulil>ly in this 

 sense that we are to understand the bfdclli, or uuder-bailiffs of manors 

 mentioned in several parts of the 'Domesday Survey.' S|>elman, 

 Soinner, and Watts, all agree in the derivation of Ik-adlc from the 

 Saxon byoel, a cryer, and that from bib, to publish, as in bidding the 

 banns of matrimony. The bedelli of manors probably acted as criers 

 in the lord's court. The beadle of a forest, as Lord Coke informs us 

 in his Fourth Institute, was an officer who not only warned the forest 

 courts and executed process, but made all proclamations. 



Bishop Keunett, in the Glossary to his ' Parochial Antiquities of 

 Oxfordshire,' says that rural deans had formerly their beadles to cite 

 the clergy and church officers to visitations and execute the or.! 

 the court Christian. Parochial ami church beadles were probably 

 in their origin persona of this description, though now einplo, 

 more menial services. 



Bedel, or beadle, is also the name of an officer in the Knglish 

 universities, who in processions, Ac., precedes t-lie chancellor or vice- 

 chancellor, bearing a mace. In ( >.\for<l there are two I three 

 yeomen bedels, each attached to the respective faculties of divinity, 

 medicine and arts, ami law. In Cambridge there ore three esquire 

 bedels and one yeoman bedel. The esquire bedels in the latter 

 university, beside attending the vice-chancellor on public solemnities, 

 attend also the professors and respondents, collect fines ami ;. 

 and summon to the chancellor's court all members of the senate. 



BEADS. The manufacture of glass beads is earn, d . ,n in the 

 following manner, at Murano near Venice. Tubes of glass of \ 

 colours ore drawn out to great length, in a gallery adjoining the gloss 



. in the same way as barometer and th, mier tidies are 



drawn out in an English glass house. The tubes are then ml into 

 very small pieces of nearly uniform length, on the edge of a fixed 

 chisel These small pieces are put in a heap into a mix 

 sand and wood ashes, and stirred about with an iron spatula till 1 h.-n- 



< get filled. The mixture is transferred to an iron | 

 I . ndi -.1 oxer a moderate fire and continually stirred until the cylin- 

 drical bits assume a smooth r.. i. nd. d : i. \\ln-n irimiv. d ir-'iii tln- 

 n're, and cleared out in the I". n, tln-y .'institute beads. 



Koreign lieodn are imported to the value of 8000V. to 1' 

 annually. 



Beads are also mode to an enormous extent in Birmingham ; where 

 certain varieties of them ore sold in thousands of dozens for /.-< 

 Beads were used as ornaments, both as necklaces and armlet: 

 a very remote peril*!. In Ih.'in, on iciuoving parts of a barrow at 

 NorthwoM in Norfolk, there were found sixty-five beads of ilark blue 

 glass, rock crystal . <1 paste, cut in I 



likely had formed the necklace of on Anglo-Saxon lady. Al-.ut 



