BELL ; BELL FOUNDING. 



,.i 



BELIAL, usually Bflial, more correctly BelUl, BAiaA, ^T?! 1 ?? <P">- 

 > B'liyAngaN, in one of the few compound words in the Hebrew 

 It is formed of ^ ajr, <X, md 1 ??! "'';/, 

 . Hence Belial meam a worthless fellow. A man of Belial, 

 or a KB at Belial, a daughu-r of Belial, mean in tin- Bible a wicked 

 person. Belial, it emi>hatieally used, means the wont of spirit*. Tims 

 in the passage," What ooic. ni hath Christ with Beli ., vi. 15. 



i ' Paradue Regained/ book ii. 147-152 : 



" 80 paV<- the old Mrprat doubting, and from all 

 With clamour wu mured their utmort kid 

 At hi* command ; when from umirt-t them rae 

 JMi*l, the dinoiutf t pirit that fell, 

 The aenauallnt, and, after A.modal, 

 The flohlleit incubua, and thai adrUed." 



Other* have endeavoured to derive the word from V?J ' <* *> 

 that Belial should be a not acting DM, an idle fellow : others from 

 nbr to ritr, no that Belial should be one who should finally be cut 

 down, *<* turite again. The Talmudiats in Sanhedrin, fol. Ill, derive 

 the word from Vl2 or ^TS y**- According to them, Belial is mlh- 

 tail a yote, teilhout ratraint and discipline. Compare Pfeiffer's ' Opera," 

 1704, torn i. u. 508. 



BELL ; BELL FOUNDING. Whatever may have been the origin 

 of these useful implements, bella of small size are undoubtedly very 

 ancient. Small gold bells, intermixed with pomegranates, are mentioned 

 a> ornamento worn upon the hem of the high priest's robe, in Exodus 

 chap, xxviii. v. 3, 4 ; and Calmet says that both were worn in the some 

 manner by the kings of Persia. Among the Greeks we find hand-bells 

 used in camps and garrisons. Plutarch mentions the use of the bell 

 in the Grecian fish-market. The Romans had three chief appellations 

 , for the little bell, pctanu, codo, and tintinuabulum. The hour of bathing 

 among the Romans was announced by a bell, which was thence called 

 by Martial at thcrmarum : it was also in domestic use ; was n 

 both as an ornament and an emblem, upon triumphal can) ; and was 

 fastened to the necks of cattle, that they might be traced when they 

 strayed, particularly to the necks of sheep. 



The large bells now used in churches are said to have been invented 

 by Paulinus, bishop of Nola in Campania, about the year 400, whence 

 the Nola and Campana of the lower Latiuity. They were probably 

 introduced into England very soon after their invention. They are 

 fint mentioned by Bede, about the close of the 7th century. Ingulphus 

 records that Turketul, abbot of Croyland, who died about the year 

 870, gave to that abbey a bell of very large size, which he named 

 Guthlac. His successor Egelric cast a ring of six others, to which he 

 gave the names of Bartholomew, Bettelin, Turketul, Tatwiue, Pegu, 

 and Bega. Pope John XIII., A.D. 968, consecrated a very large new 

 cast bell in the Lateran Church, and gave it the name of John. 

 The ritual for the baptising of bells may be found in the Roman 

 Pontificate. 



Sir Henry Spelman, in his ' Glossary' r. 'Campana,' has preserved two 

 monkish lines on the subject of the ancient offices of bells : 



" Lando Denm renim, Flebcm TOCO, congrego Clerum, 

 DefuncUx ploro, Pestcm fugo, Festn dccoro." 



And Brand quote* other monkish rhymes, which enumerate no less 

 than sixteen purposes to which bells are, or may be, applied. 



The Cu*rrt-feu, or Curfew Ml. [Cirarew.] 



The Parnn-1 Bell was so named, as being tolled when any one was 

 pawing from life. Hence it was sometimes called the Soul Bell ; ami 

 was rung that those who heard it might pray for the person dying, am 

 who was not yet dead. The number of times of tolling depended in 

 some measure on the rank of the person. This practice is of higl 

 antiquity in England. We have a remarkable mention of it in tin 

 narrative of the hut moment* of the Lady Katherine (sister of Lady 

 Jane) Grey, who died a prisoner in the Tower of London, in 1567 

 (EUis's ' Letters,') The tolling of the passing bell certainly continue 

 in use as late as the times of Charles II. 



A Sametiu, or Saint'i-MI, wu so called, because it was rung \ih.i 

 the priest caine to those words of the mass, Snin-tr, Sancte, >'./. 

 Uabauth, that all penons who were absent might fall on their knee*, in 

 reverence of the holy office which was then going on in the church 

 It wu usually a small bell rung by hand, similar to those still in u." 

 in Roman Catholic churches, but it wu also frequently placed when 

 it might be heard farthest, in a lantern at the springing of the steeple 

 in a turret at an angle of the tower, or for the convenience of Win), 

 more readily and exactly rung, within a cote or turret, between the 

 church and the chancel ; the rope in this situation falling down into th 

 choir not far from the altar. Several of these turret*, and some wit] 

 the bells in them, are still to be seen hi our country churches. 



Hawkins and Burney both mention the skill of KiiKlixh bell-ringers. 

 The Utter quotes from ' Tintinnalogia, or the Art of Ringing.' pul li.-lif 

 in KU8; a work, he atwirai us, not beneath the u-' of musician 

 who wish to explore all the regions of natural melody ; as in this littl 

 book they will see every possible change in the arrangement <>f <li:itni 

 sounds, from two to twelve ; which being reduced to musical notes 



would point out innumerable passages, that, in spite of all which hu 

 litherto been written, would be new in melody and musical compo- 

 ition. In the art of ringing, however, melody hu never been 

 studied ; mechanical order and succession have been all in all. The 

 realise on this subject at present in highest repute is ' Campanologia 

 iii proved, or the Art of Kinging made eaay,' 3rd edit 12mo. Loud. 

 733, where the reader will find all the terms explained of single, plain 

 x)b, grandsire bob, single bob minor, granMre ti : ajor, 



caters, ton-in or bob royal, cinques, and twelve in or l>ol, max 

 with all their regular permutations. Furtlii r in u-tical 



nature, u well u generally interesting, may be found . 

 Alfred Catty 1 * work, 'The Bell; JU Origin. II and 



n Mr. E. B. Denison'* 'Lectures on Church Building; with some 

 Practical Remarks ok Bells and Clocks.' 



The tone emitted Iqr a bell depends conjointly on the diameter, the 

 icight, and the thickness ; the thinner bell yielding the lower note, 

 other things being equal. There U a sort of rule among German bell- 

 bunders, whereby the various dimensions ore always to bear certain 

 ratios to each. The thickest part, where the hammer strikes, is 

 called the 'Bound bow.' If thU thickness lie called =1, then the 

 iivneter of the mouth =15, the diameter of the top = 74, the height 

 = 12, and the Weight of clapper = ,',,tli the weight ot rding 



'i the value of the unit in Vbm formula, go will be the musical pitch of 

 he tone yielded by the !"!]. English founders have each rules for 

 limself. There arc, however, occasionally great diffi. -uring 



ny desired pitch in the tone of a bull ; thus, the bell of the 

 Cxchange has never realised the expectat!' her in 



titch or quality of tone. During a lengthened discussion before the 

 Institution of British Architects, in 1855, Mr. I Unison illustrated the 

 differences between those sounding bodies which are shaped like 

 ordinary bells, and those which assume the forms of springs, spirals, 

 lemispheres, forks, and gongs. Many of these yield deep and 

 ones ; but the ordinary bell, of given weigW, throws out ita sound to 

 .he greatest distance. 



Passing from the antiquities to the mechanism of this subj> 

 may refer to ALLOY for the relative proportions of copper and tin 

 contained in bell-metal, and to KOCMIIM. for the .broad principles 

 which govern the casting of metals in general. A few detail 

 ce ruing the practical application of these principles to be U- casting will 

 be here given. 



The casting of common house-bells or hand-bells differs in nowise 

 From the processes relating to small castings in metal generally ; ' 

 church-bells the case, is otherwise. The production of Mnoroiw q'ualfty, 

 in addition to many of those qualities which pertain to all large castings 

 in mixed metal, gives occasion for many scrupulous arrangements in 

 the management of the foundry. A bell-foundry must have a furrince 

 which will contain many tons of metal, for the whole of the casting fyr 

 one bell is made at once. In 1835, for instance, Messrs. Hears cadi 

 the new Great Tom of Lincoln, intended to replace the old Great Tom ;' 

 it weighs 12,000 pounds, being somewhat heavier than the great boll of 

 St. Paul's Cathedral ; and the whole of this ponderous mass of metal 

 was melted at one time and in one furnace. This Great Tom, though 

 smaller than the bell of St. Patd's, is heavier, on account of ita greater 

 thickness. We shall have presently to mention modern bells weighing 

 much more than -either of these. 



The arrangements as to the central core or mould for casting a huge 

 bell are thus made : Contiguous to the furnace is a pit, deeper than 

 the height of the bell. In the centre of this pit is built up a rough 

 mass of brick-work, somewhat smaller than the interior of the be! 

 this is coated externally with a mixture of earth and horse-dung, 

 applied in successive layers, and worked smooth by gauges until the 

 exterior of the core presents exactly the same size and shape as the 

 interior of the intended bell. When the prepared core is thoroughly 

 dried by means of fires, a second coating of composition is hud 

 the same thickness u the intended bell ; this coating, which is called 

 the "model," is formed of earth and hair, and is, like the former, 

 brought to a very smooth and correct surface by gauges, the exact 

 counterpart of the exterior of the bell. A third coating is next apple d. 

 called the " shell," much thicker than the others, and forme i 

 somewhat different eompoKi lion. A little tan-dust is sprinkled on the 

 first coating, or core, before the second, or model, is applied ; and also 

 on the latter, before the- d on. When all is 



well dried, the " shell " is lifted off from the " model," and the model 

 is picked or cut off from the r .d. If we suppose tin 



the model, and the shell to be three hemispherical cups placed one 

 within another, and the middle one to be removed, it will .- 

 illustrate how a vacant space comes to be formed bet 

 the shell ; and when we further bear in mind that " 

 core gives the internal form to the bell. >f the shell 



the external form, the object of the whole arrangement will be clearly 

 seen. 



This internal cavity of the mould, between the core and the shell, is 

 that into which the metal is t I. The casting-pit is filled up 



with loam or earth, to the level of the top of the mould; a shallow 

 channel is cut in the loam from the fi 



eating with the vacant space in the mould ; and two other orifices are 

 left for the escape of air as the melted metal enters. Mianul' 

 metal is being melted in the furnace. The tin employed is in the form 



