BEXZOIC OROtTP. 



BENZOIN. 



corresponding salt of the compound ammonium*, a* ii the case when 

 the replacing organic radical oon tains no oxygen. 



BnummuU or ftouowww (N C "& 0> ), is beat prepared by pound 



ing carbonate of nmnnU O f commerce in a mortar, and mixing it with 

 chloride of banxoyl. If the carbonate be employed in excess, the 

 product gently warmed to complete the reaction, and the chloride ol 

 ammonium extracted by water, benzamine is obtained, which may be 

 further purified by notation in boiling water or alcohol. Benzamine is 

 a colourleei *olid crystalline body, which melta at 289, and distils at 

 a higher temperature without alteration. 



The kydroeUarale of bextamitir, or chloride of bcnzannumiam. 

 / N C,.H t O Icl \ is f ormed on dissolving, by the aid of heat, benzamine 



in strong hydrochloric acid. On allowing the solution to cool, the 

 chloride of beuzammonium crystallines out in long prisms. This 

 compound gives up ite hydrochloric acid even on exposure to the air. 



On mixing bromine with benzamine and allowing the mixture to 

 stand for some days in a cool place, crystals are formed of a compound 

 resulting from the union of bromo-benzamine with hydrobromic acid 



C..H.O, . 

 IN Br Brj. This substance is the bromide of bromobeniammoni urn. 



Both ammonia and water decompose this substance, and give rise to 

 benzamine. 



Mercury beiuamine, Aqueous solution of benzamine dissolves oxide 

 of mercury (HgO) : the oxygen of which unites with and removes one 

 of the equivalents of hydrogen in the benzamine, while the mercury 

 takes the place of the hydrogen so extracted, forming mercury b< 



' ^1* ^1\ 



X Hg 1, which crystallises out of a not too dilute solution. The 



H / 



mercury benzamine on being dissolved in hot alcohol, filtered, and 

 allowed to cool, forms brilliant white scales. 



/ C..H.O.V 

 P/uxylbfniamitte(bet<ianiliiK) (N C, t H s j, is formed on mixing 



chloride of benzoyl with phenylamine (aniline). The hydrochloric 

 acid which is formed does not unite with the compound ammonia, 

 but with the excess of phenylamine. The chloride of phenyl- 

 ammonium so formed is removed by boiling the product of the 

 reaction with water, and the phenylbenzamine in recrystalliBed from 

 boiling alcohol, from which it separates in brilliant scales. 



By warming pbenylbenzamine with chloride of beuzoyl. the remaining 

 equivalent of hydrogen in the phenylbenzaniine is removed as hydro- 

 chloric acid, by the chlorine of the chloride of benzoyl, and its place is 

 taken by the benzoyl of the latter body. A compound ammonia is 

 thus formed, containing two equivalents of benzoyl and one of phcuyl, 



and being therefore Phtnylbibenzamine (N /-."TJ* *M. The product 



obtained by this reaction, which becomes solid on cooling, is digested 

 with a solution of carbonate of soda, to remove the excess of chloride 

 of benzoyl and free hydrochloric acid, and then recrystallised from 

 boiling strong alcohol. So prepared it forms bright acicular prisms. 



The preparation and properties of the following compound am- 

 monias are so similar to those of the above bodies as to require no 

 special description. 



, C..H.O 

 / C H \ 



Nitrocumylocmamine I **58 I. l>y the action of chloride of 



\ H '' 



/ ^i*"in \ 



benzoyl (C,,H,0,C1) upon nitrocumylamine ( N NO,j. [CUMYL.] 



C U H 5 O. 

 ifeAybiltrrfhenyllen^imine [ N '^. ( J ), by the action of chloride 



(methylnitrophenydine). 



N -I C 'NO. 

 1 H, 



of benzoyl (C U H,0,C1) upon 



fPHEXTL-J 



Nitrubenzoyl, like benzoyl, may replace an equivalent of hydrogen 



/ C .. H .,\ 



in ammonia, giving rise to nifnbenzautlnc [ N NO. ). The best 



\ H, J 



method of preparing this substance is to dissolve nitrobenzoate of 

 H 



< thyl C,H,O C,,JJQ 0, [BENZOIC ACID], in alcohol, and to add ammo- 

 nia in aqueous solution until the ether just begins to be precipitated. 

 The mixture is placed in a stoppered bottle, in a warm place, and 

 allowed to stand until a drop of it no longer give* a turbidity on 

 falling into water. The product in then evaporated on a water bath, 

 and the crystalline mass obtained, dissolved, and recrystallued from a 

 mixture of alcohol and ether. It follows from the manner of the 

 formation of nitrobenzamine that ethylamino, or ether, must accom- 

 pany it* synthesis. Whichever of these is formed, it is driven off from 

 the water-bath. Kitrobenzauiiie melU below 212 Fahr. 



Sulfhobetuamine is ammonia containing an equivalent of 1 

 in which the oxygen u replaced by sulphur ( N 1 "|j' 8 ). It is formed 



by dissolving cyanide of |>henyl in alcohol, adding a little ammonia and 

 saturating with sulphuretted hydrogen. The liquid changes colour, 

 and after standing some hours gives on evaporation a yellow flocculent 

 precipitate which dissolves in boiling water, and deposits yellow silky 

 needles of sulphobenzamine. 



C,,H,Cy + NH, + H8= N 



SH.g. 



Cyanide of 1'henyl. Sulphobrnxmmine. 



In addition to these compounds, the following bodies also belong to 

 the benzoic group : 



Benumlcacld . C, ,H,NO,, 1IO. BtnzlUm . . . C..H, N, 



BenKWulphophenv- J J!"S' * l8O |* n ' im " C..H,,K,O. 



Until yi c i H BtnzonltranUido . C, t U,,N,O, 



' ( H Bcnnwtilblne . C,,ll tl 4 



For a description of these bodies, and for that of other compounds 

 of the benzoic group, the reader is referred to Qerhardt's ' Train; de 

 Chirnie Organique,' tome iii. 



BENZOIC SERIES. This series of organic compounds, one of the 

 most numerously represented in organic chemistry, contains, according 

 to Oerhardt's system of classification, the following eight groups, 

 which see : 



1. 1'hcnylic Group. 



2. Quinonic Group. 



3. Benzoio Group. 



4. Salicylic Group. 



5. Anisic Group. 



6. Clnnamlc Group. 



7. Naphtlmlic Group. 



8. Indigotic Group. 



BEXZOICIN. [GLYCERIN-.] 



BENZOIN or BENJAMIN, a reainous substance, commonly but 

 improperly termed a gum. It is extracted from the Slyrax benzoin , 

 which grows in Sumatra, by making incisions in the trunk. It hardens 

 very quickly, and is imported in the state of brittle massea, which 

 when fractured present a mixture of white, brown, and red grains, 

 frequently as large aa an almond. The fracture of benzoin U conchoidal, 

 and the lustre is greasy; ite specific gravity is from 1-063 to 1-092. 

 Its smell is agreeable, resembling that of vanilla. It melts ata moderate 

 heat, and yields btuzoic acid, of which it contains about eighteen 

 per cent. 



According to the analysis of Unverdorben, benzoin contains, besides 

 benzoic acid and a little volatile oil, three different resins. If benzoin 

 be reduced to fine powder, and boiled in an excess of a solution of 

 carbonate of potash, the benzoic acid and a resin are dissolved, which 

 may be precipitated together l.y hydrochloric acid : wh.-n the precipi- 

 tate is boiled in water, the acid and a little extractive matter are 

 dissolved, and the resin is left, amounting to about 0'03 of 

 benzoin. This resin is of a deep brown colour ; it is soluble in con- 

 centrated alcohol, but slightly so in ether and volatile oils, and insoluble 

 in the oil of petroleum. This resin is a feeble negative 

 does not decompose acetate of copper, but precipitates acetate of lead ; 

 carbonate of potash dissolves it but slowly. The compound . 

 resin with potash is soluble in anhydrous alcohol, but neither in ether 

 nor in oil of turpentine. The aqueous solution is precipitated by 

 chloride of ammonium. The greater part of benzoin is insoluble in 

 solution of carbonate of potash, and it leaves a bright brown residue ; 

 from this, ether extracts one resin and leaves another. When the ether 

 is evaporated, the resin dissolved in it remains. This latter resin is 

 very soluble in alcohol and in oil of caraway, but not in oil of petroleum. 

 It does not decompose acetate of copper ; it dissolves readily in potash, 

 and is not precipitated from solution by excess of it. Ammonia does 

 not dissolve it; its compounds with earthy and metallic oxides are 

 insoluble in ether. 



The resin, which is insoluble in carbonate of potash, and remain* 

 unacted upon by ether, is brownish. It is soluble in alcohol, but not 

 in the volatile oils nor ammonia. Potash dissolve:- hut a 



treat excess of the alkali precipitates the compound whi. li is formed. 

 This and the former resin, when precipitated by an acid from solution 

 in potash, and exposed to the air while moist, are converted into the 

 Bret resin, or that which is dissolved by carbonate of potash and 

 alcohol. If the two last resins be subjected to dry distillation, they 

 yield at first a volatile oil, which i very slightly empyreumatic, and 

 which, like the ..il ..t hitter almonds, is converted by the action of the 

 air into benzoic acid. 



Benzoin is employed in the preparation of benzoic acid ; it is also 

 used by perfumers. 



BENZOIN, Medicaltaetof. The beii. <iueroe, sometimes 



called AM ilulcit, and vulgarly termed /' 



from the LitAucarpvt bensoix, a tree growing in Sumatra (see Manden's 

 Sumatra,' i. 233), Borneo, Java, &c..from whieh ii 11. \\ -|H,ntaneously 

 n small quantity, but is obtained in greater abundance by making 

 incisions in the stem beneath where the branches are given off, as soon 

 as the tree has attained the age of five or ix years. These incisions 

 are repeated every year for about twelve years, when the tree becomes 

 exhausted ; each tree yields annually about three pounds. When it 

 irnt flows from the tree it is soft, but gradually hardens by exposure 

 a the air. The finest kind, which i whiter, and often in grains, flows 

 Erom the youngest trees; this is called cnsoc amygdatvida. The 



