139 



BIBROMANILINE. 



BILL IN PARLIAMENT. 



13;) 



commenced by the author in 1822, and completed by him in 3 vols. in 

 1824, about a year before his death. A supplementary volume, which 

 he left ready for the press, has since been published by his son. The 

 Dictionary of Barbier is confined to works in the French and Latin 

 languages, but of these it notices between twenty-three and twenty- 

 four thousand. 



Of a somewhat different class is that of the works and editions of a 

 particular author. Of this class, a favourable specimen is the ' Alpha- 

 betical Catalogue of an extensive Collection of the writings of Daniel 

 De Foe, and of the different publications for and against that remark- 

 able writer,' published in 1830, which was compiled by Thomas Rodd. 

 Of private collections the ' Bibliotheca Spenceriana,' an account of the 

 library at Althorp, by Dr. Dibdin, is perhaps unequalled in the style 

 of ite getting up, and contains much curious and interesting matter 

 connected with that large and valuable library. 



For further information upon the different branches of bibliography 

 the reader may refer to the Rev. T. H. Home's 'Introduction to 

 the Study of Bibliography,' 2 vols. 8vo, Loud. 1814; C. F. Achard's 

 ' Cours de Bibliographic,' 3 vols. 8vo, Marseilles, 1807; ' Haudbuch 

 der Deutschen Literatur, seit der mitte des achtzehnten Jahrhundert 

 bis auf die neueste Zeit systematische bearbeitet, und mit deu nothigen 

 Registern versehen : Neue, mit verscheidenen Mitarbeitern besorgte 

 Ausgabe,' 4 vols. 8vo, Leipzig, 1822-27. See also J. M. Qudrard, ' La 

 France Littdraire : ou Dictionnaire Bibliographique des savants, hia- 

 toriens, et gens-de-lettres, de la France; ainsi que des litterateurs 

 Strangers qui ont ^crit en Francais, plus particulierement pendant 

 les ISicme et 19eine siecles,' 10 voln. 8vo, Paris, 1827-42 : O. Rich, 

 ' Bibliotheca Americana Nova : or a Catalogue of Books in various 

 languages relating to America, printed since the year 1700; compiled 

 principally from tlfe books themselves," 8vo, Lond. 1835. Among 

 w nks of this class might also be mentioned such as P. J. Safarik's 

 ' Geschichte der slawischen Sprache und Literatur uach alien Mund- 

 artcn,' Buda, 1826, which is a great storehouse of information 

 on Slavonic literature, rather of a bibliographical than historical 

 character; its principal feature being ite very full lists of titles of 



BIBROMANILINE, Dibramanilinc. [ANILINE.] 



BIBROMANTHIC ACID. [ECXANTHIC ACID.] 



BIBROMISATIC ACID. [INDIGO.] 



BIBROMOQUINONIC ACID. [Quwosic ACID.] 



BIBROMOSALICYLIC ACID. [SALICYLIC ACID.] 



BICHLORHYDRIN. [GLYCERIN.] 



BICHLOROXALIC ACID (C.CL.O.^HO). This acid, which ha* 

 never been obtained in a separate state, is one of the products of the 

 action of chlorine upon citric acid. The potash and silver salts only 

 have been examined. 



BIDPAI, Pancha Tantra, or Fables of. [PILPAY, in BIOG. Div.] 



BIELA'S COMET. [COMETAHY BODIES.] 



BIENNIALS are plants which require two seasons of growth to 

 produce their flowers and fruit ; they differ from annuals in nothing 

 but this circumstance, perishing as soon as their seeds are ripened. 



BIGA, a chariot or car drawn by two horses : called by Suetonius 

 (' Calig.' c. 19.) Bijuije curriculum. The biga was the most common 

 chariot in use among the Romans. They had also their trigcc, 

 quadrigx.and sometimes their sejuges septim-juges, &c.,and Suetonius 

 axrtures us that Nero, when he was a performer in the Olympic 

 games, made use of a decem-jugis, a chariot drawn by ten horses 

 coupled together. (Suet, in Ner. c. 24.) 



Pliny attributes the invention of the biga to the Phrygians. (' Hist. 

 Nat' lib. vii. c. 56.) Isidorus says the inventor was Ciristines the 

 Sicjv.iiian. (' Origines,' lib. xvii. c. 35.) 



Homan silver coins stamped with .1 form of a chariot drawn by 

 two or four horses were called bS'jat!, and ijitatlriynli. (See Pliny, 



ABM A!fD SCI. DIV. VOL. II. 



' Hist. Nat.' lib. xxi. c. 3.) Hence Livy (lib. xxxiii. c. 23.) uses the 

 term argentum liyatum. The bigati, quadrigati, and victoriati, were all 

 of eqtial value, and differed only in the impress from which they 

 derived their several names. The biga was an emblem of victory. 



BIGAMY, in the canon law, signified either a second marriage after 

 the death of the first wife, or a marriage with a widow. It incapaci- 

 tated men for holy orders ; and until the stat. 1 Edw. VI. c. 12, s. 16, 

 it was a good counterplea to the claim of benefit of clergy. (Wood- 

 desson's ' Vinerian Lectures,' i. 425.) 



Bigamy, by the English law, consists in contracting a second mar- 

 riage during the life of a former husband or wife, and the 'statute 

 1 James I. c. 11. enacts that the person so offending shall suffer death, 

 as in cases of felony. This statute has been repealed by 9 Geo. IV. 

 c. 31, s. 22, which makes any person who being married shall marry 

 any other person during the life of the former husband or wife, whether 

 the second marriage shall have taken place in England or elsewhere, 

 and any person aiding, guilty of felony, and punishable by trans- 

 portation for seven years (for which penal servitude has since been 

 substituted), or imprisonment (with or without hard labour) for a 

 term not exceeding two years. The statute excepts, first, any second 

 marriage contracted out of England by any other than a subject of his 

 Majesty ; second, any person whose husband or wife shall, have been 

 continually absent during seven years, and shall not have been known 

 by such person to have been living within that time ; third, a person 

 divorced from the bond of the first marriage ; fourth, one whose 

 former marriage shall have been declared void .by the sentence of a 

 court of competent jurisdiction. 



With respect to the third exception it has been determined in a case 

 where a Scotch divorce a rincido was pleaded, that no sentence of any 

 foreign court can dissolve an English marriage a rincttlo unless for 

 grounds on which it was liable to be so dissolved in England ; and that 

 the term "divorced" applies to the sentence of a spiritual court 

 within the limits to which the statute extends. The fourth exception 

 cannot be taken advantage of, if the first marriage has been declared 

 void only collaterally and not directly ; or if it can be shown to have 

 been obtained fraudulently or collusively. 



BILIFULVIN. A yellow colouring matter found by Berzelius in 

 the bile. Its composition is unknown, but it appears to be the lime or 

 soda salt of a peculiar acid. 



BILIN. [CHOI.IC ACID.] 



BILIPHEIN (C 3 .,H 18 N ? 9 ?). A brown colouring matter found in 

 the bile, and in the intestinal canal. It is to this substance that the 

 solid excrements owe their colour. As an abnormal constituent, it is 

 also met with in the blood ; and the yellow tint of the skin and of the 

 cornea in jaundice is likewise due to this substance. Biliary calculi are 

 often almost entirely composed of this body, and constitute the best 

 source of biliphein, which may be prepared pure by washing the 

 powdered calculi successively with ether, alcohol, boiling water, hydro- 

 chloric acid, and cold water ; finally dissolving the residue in a weak 

 solution of carbonate of soda, and then re-precipitating with an acid. 

 Whilst the biliphein is in solution, it is necessary to preserve it care- 

 fully from the air, otherwise it oxidises and is converted into biliverdin. 

 The solution must therefore be operated upon in an atmosphere of 

 hydrogen gas. 



Biliphein is a brown, amorphous, infusible solid, insoluble in boiling 

 water, but soluble in boiling alcohol. The alcoholic solution gradually 

 absorbs oxygen from the air, and becomes green. It dissolves slightly 

 in hydrochloric acid, with a blue colour. If red nitric acid be added 

 in excess to a dilute alkaline solution of biliphein, the liquid becomes 

 at first green, and subsequently passes through various shades of blue, 

 violet, and red, until it finally becomes yellow. 



BILIVERDIN (C 10 H NO, ?). A green colouring matter found in 

 ox-gall, and also produced by the oxidation of biliphein. It is insoluble 

 in water, but dissolves in alcohol with a green colour. [BILIPHEIN.] 



BILL CHAMBER,a department of the Court of Session in Scotland, 

 in which one of the judges officiates at all times during session and 

 vacation. The youngest judge is lord ordinary ou the bills during 

 session ; the duty is performed by the other judges, with the excep- 

 tion of the two presidents, by weekly rotation during vacation. All 

 proceedings for summary remedies, or for protection against impending 

 proceedings, commence in the Bill Chamber such as interdicts (or 

 injunctions against threatened injuries, or against courts exceeding 

 their jurisdiction, as in the case of the church courts attempting to 

 take cognisance of civil questions), or suspension of execution. The 

 process of sequestration [BANKRUPT LAWS OF SCOTLAND] issues from 

 this department of the court. By far the greater number of the 

 proceedings are sanctioned by the judge as a matter of form, on the 

 clerks finding that the. papers presented ask the usual powers in the 

 usual manner ; but where a question of law is involved in the appli- 

 cation, it comes into the Court of Session, and is discussed as an 

 ordinary action. The Lord Ordinary on the Bills, as he is termed, is 

 the representative of the court during vacation. 



BILL IN CHANCERY. [EQUITY.] 



BILL IN EQUITY. [PLEADING IN EQUITY.] 



BILL IN PARLIAMENT, is the name given to any 'proposition 

 introduced into either house for the purpose of being passed into a 

 law, after which it is called an act of parliament, or statute of the 

 realm. [STATUTE.] 



K 



