BLACK K! 



BLADDER, DISF.Afil 



then from their presence. 



OUien ran about the streets and lanes in a 



ten. 



them- 



state -f I'hrrnzy, and om even loped headlong into deep wai 

 Til* physicians fled, not to avoid trouble." he says, " Imt to save tli 

 wire* MX! their*." The hods of bounce uid doctor* almost all fled ; 

 and there was no* single collog* or hall but had oin taken away by 

 thU infection. " Tb* parties." Wood Bays, " that were taken away br 

 this disease were troubled with a most Tenement pain of the head and 

 stomach, vexed with the phrensy, deprived of their underntjinding, 

 memory, sight, hearing, *c. The disease abo increasing, they could 

 neither eat nor sleep, nor would suffer any attendants to come near to 

 them. At the time of their death they would be Tery strong and 

 vigorous; but if they escaped it, then they were to the contrary. It 

 pared no complexion or cnnntitution, and the choleric it chiefly 

 molested. That which is most to be admired is, that no women 

 were taken away by it, or poor people, or such that administered 

 physic, or any that came to visit. But as the phyncians were ignorant 

 of the causes, so also of the cures of this disease.'' Holinshed say* 

 that no child died of this infection. Baker says that Jeneks was a. 

 bookseller, and was " questioned for speaking opprobrious words against 

 the queen." He makes the deaths considerably below this statement, 

 mentioning mo.t of the eminent persons named by Wood, and " 800 

 others, more or less." He also attributes it either " to the noisome 

 smell f the prisoners, or from the damp of the ground." 



It seems more than probable that the distemper which arose on this 

 occasion, was a fever originating in the poisonous condition of the 

 adjoining gaol, where the prisoners had been long close and nastily 

 kept Wood mentions a similar event at Cambridge, at the assizes 

 held in the castle there in the lime of Lent, 18 Henry VIII., A.D. 1521, 

 where the justices, all the gentlemen, bailiff*, and meet who resorted 

 thither, took such an infection, that many of them died, and all almost 

 that were present sickened, and narrowly escaped with their lives. 



Father Sanders (in his book ' De Schismate Angl.,' lib. iii>, noticing 

 the black assize of Oxford, called it " ingens miraculuin," and ascribed 

 it as a just judgment on the cruelty of the judge for sentencing the 

 bookbinder to lose his ears. 



A contemporary account of the black assize is given in a letter from 

 Sergeant Fleetwood, recorder of London, to Lord Burleigh, dated 30th 

 July, 1577, printed in EUis's ' Original Letters Illustrative of English 

 History' (second series, vol. iii. p. 54); and another contemporary 

 account, in Latin, from the Register of Merton College, was commu- 

 nicated to the Royal Society by Professor Ward hi 1758, and is printed 

 in the ' Philosophical Transactions ' for that year, vol. 1. part ii.p. 699. 



(See also Holinshed's 'Chron.,' vol. ii.; Stow's ' Annals ;' and Pointer's 

 ' Antiquities and Curiosities of Oxford," 8vo, Lond., 1749.) 



BLACK FLUX. A mixture of finely divided carbon with carbonate 

 of potash. It M prepared by igniting bitartrate of potash (cream of 

 tartar) mixed with half its weight of nitrate of potash, in a covered 

 crucible, until all volatile matter is expelled. As it is deliquescent it 

 should be preserved in well stopped bottles. It is used for the reduc- 

 tion of metals on a small scale. TARSENIC, DETECTION OK]. 



BLACK, or DOMINICAN, FRIARS, one of the four orders of 

 mendicants whose founder was St. Dominic, a Spaniard, born at Gala- 

 horra, or Calaruega, a small town in the diocese of Osma, in Old Castile, 

 about 1170. [DoMUfif, SAINT, Bioo. Dtv.] 



These friars were called Dominicans from their founder ; Preaching 

 Friars, from their office to preach and convert Jews and heretics (see 

 'Lit. Pat.' 8 Edw. I. m. 23; and 14 Edw. II. p. 1, m. 18); Black 

 Friars from their garments; and, in France, Jacobins, from having 

 their first house in that country in the Rue St. Jacques at Paris. 



Their rule, which was chiefly that of St. Augustine, .was approved 

 by Pope Innoceut III. in the Lateran Council, 1215, by word of 

 mouth, and by a bull from Pope Hon onus III. in 1216; but as they 

 gathered power, even in Dominic's life-time, it was provided that the 

 choice of the general of the order, as well as of the provincials, should 

 rest in the order, and not depend on the pope, and that a general 

 chapter should be held annually at Bologna and at Paris inter- 

 changeably. They were known, however, earlier than 1216; for 

 Rymcr in his Fccdera," torn. i. p. 137, has printed a licence or per- 

 mission addressed from Pope Innocent III. to King John of England, 

 in 1204, for such Dominicans and Franciscans, who might accom- 

 pany the king in going beyond sea, to ride, the rules of their order 

 obliging them to travel on foot. 



Thirteen of these Dominican friars, according to Reyner ('Apostolat. 

 Benedictin. in Angl.' torn. L p. 161), including a superior, came into 

 England in 1221, for the purpose of establishing their order in 

 England; when Stephen Langtnn, then archbishop of Cant.-r1.nry, 

 giving his approval, they were allowed to settle, and fixed their first 

 house at Oxford in that year. (Reynrr, ut supr.; see also Wood's 

 Hist, of Oxford," ]>. <52; N. TriTeti, Chron.' p. 176.) The Black 

 Friars at London was their second house : originally placed near 

 where Lincoln's Inn now stands, Uit removed about 1279 to some 

 place near Castle Baynard, where the parochial district still bean the 

 oamo of the order. 



In 1232, after having had much contention with the Francis 

 cam, tho management of the Inquisition was deputed to the order 

 by Pope Gregory IX., a weapon which was not allowed to rest 

 idle in their hands, and which, under Torquemada and others, 

 occasioned a fearful amount of suffering in the New World a well tat 



the Old. [IwQTnsmox.] The rule of the order forbiddtaa tV 

 jold any landed property was repealed in 1425 by Pope Martin V., 

 and they very soon became one of the most richly endowed of all the 

 orders. Chaucer, as well as other of the early English writers, have 

 ndulged themselves in satirising the excesses of the friars, without 

 always distinguishing the order. 



At the time of the dissolution of the monasteries under Henry Mil. 

 there were fifty-eight houses of Dominicans in England and Wales. 

 Tanner, who did not find them all out, reckoned the English houses 

 only at forty-three. 



Tanner says, " There were nuns also of this order, but I thinl. 

 _j Enpl 'i'tugh Thomas Lord Wake intended to have brought 



I them hither, ami bail tho king's licence for it, yet he seems 

 not to have done it." c N..tit. Monast." ut supr.) The nuns of Dart- 

 ford in Kent, however, are believed to have been for some time of this 

 order. King Edward III., in his letter to the Bishop of Rochester, 

 concerning his intended foundation of that house, call* it "unr 

 Maison dee soeres de 1'Ordre de Prechenrs.") Sec Thorpe's ' Reg 

 Roffense,' p. 812.) 



Stevens has given an elaborate account of the orijrin of tli 

 minican order, from the ' Histoira des Ordres Monastiqnes,' already 

 quoted, followed by a catalogue of the most celebrated men of English 

 birth among the Black Friars who were writers. Amongst these, 

 Robert Kilwarby, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury and a cardinal 

 of the Roman Church, who died in 1280 ; Nicholas Trivet, the his- 

 torian, who died in 1328; and Robert Holcot. who died in 1849, are 

 the most distinguished. There were also many learned Don; 

 foreign writers, and the order produced many celebrated painters and 

 sculptors. Among the painters may be especially mentioned Giovanni 

 da Fiesole, called Fra Angelico, and Baccio della Porta, better known as 

 Fra Bartolomeo. 



BLACKJACK. fZixc.J 



BLACK LEAD. [CARBON; PLUMBAGO.] 



BLACK-LEAD PENCILS. [PENCILS; PLUMBAGO.] 



BLACK PIGMENTS. [CARBON ; CHARCOAL, AMMAL.] 



BLACK ROD, USHER OF THE, is an officer of the House of 

 Lords. He is styled the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod, and is 

 ip] tinted by letters-patent. His deputy is styled the Yeom.in I 

 They are the official messengers of the Lords ; and either the ( : 

 man or the Yeoman Usher summons the Commons to tli 

 Lords, when the royal assent is given to bills. It is part of his duty 

 to take into custody parties guiltv of a breach of privilege or of 

 tempt, and he assists at tho introduction of peers and other ceremonies. 

 One of the officers of the Legislative Council i.f \ova Scotia is 

 Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod. 



BLADDER, DISEASES OF. The bladder, like every other organ 

 of the body, is liable to inflammation. This disease is called Cyttitif, 

 When present there is pain and tenderness in the region of the bladder, 

 also in the region of the perineum and sacrum, ana along the urethra. 

 The urine passed is clouded with mucus, and afterwards contains pu~ 

 often mixed with blood. These local symptoms are accompanied with 

 general fever. The inflammation may extend from the bladder to the 

 peritoneum. 



This disease may come on after the operations of lithotomy or litho- 

 tripsy, or other direct injury. It may lie the result of specific inflam- 

 mation of the urethra, extending to the bladder, or it may come on 

 from irritating medicines acting on the bladder, as cautharidee. 



In its treatment antiphlogistic remedies of an active kind are n 

 such as bleeding generally and locally, antimony, calomel, ami opium. 

 Opium should be given by the mouth and per anum for the purpose 

 of relieving tho pain. The bowels should be opened by enemata and 

 gentle purgatives ; and the recumbent position must be absolutely 

 enjoined. 



Cystitis may become chronic, or a chronic inflammation of the 

 bladder may be produced by irritation in neighbouring organs, as in the 

 urethra, rectum, or kidneys. There is pain in the bladder, frequent 

 micturition, and mucus in the urine. The mucous membrane of the 

 bladder may ulcerate, and the urine is mixed with blood and pus. The 

 ulceration may extend through the bladder to the surrounding organs. 

 In the treatment of this disease, the obvious cause must be removed. 

 Opium for the pain, a generous diet, astringent infusions, as of buchu, 

 and mineral acids, are principally recommended. Irou id sometimes of 

 great use, also copaiba. Counter-irritation on the hypogastrium, or 

 over the sacrum, should not be neglected. In very chronic oases it has 

 been recommended to wash out the bladder with warm water by means 

 of a double catheter. Lallemand recommends the direct application of 

 the nitrate of silver. 



Irritable Blddtr. A. state of the bladder is recognised in which 

 there is no Inflammatory action, but in which the symptoms resemble 

 those of cystitis. There is frequent micturition, uneasiness in aud 

 about the region of the bladder. The urine is mostly limpid and clear. 

 This state depends on some derangement of the kidneys or general 

 health, or it may com* on from pilot, stone in the bladdsr, or Uiread- 

 .. msi, 



In treating this state the great thing to be done is the removal of any 



observed cause. Where it comes on in a generally decayed state of the 



health, the treatment must be directed to this condition of the system. 



ffannturia. Blood in the urine may present itself wheu the 



