in rK 1-nrssiAV. 



BOCLA v I - 



Mhn tmuTmpet vegetable product*. and especially vegetable colours, 



\ - . . i, . : . . !:: i'. i - .'| !. .' 'i "I'll . - : -- D 



. . .' l -h : .:..*.. iyi . .. ; . . .';.. 



Saxon blue. Several compound* an here formed, which will >* 

 described under Uw head of Ixmoo. 



The colour of indigo U entirely destroyed by chlorine, and also by 

 rhromie >eid and oxidising agents in general 



Mae I'mfifrr. This pigment U used u a water c.. lour. ; and chiefly 

 in the manufacture of pa|ier-hanging8. It in n pritty powder .- 

 fin* light blue, and conawU of cat 

 It U prepared by precipitation from the solution . i 

 whkh result* from the refining of ailver by precipitating the silver v> it h 

 The exact mode of operating u not generally known, mid 

 probably 'depend* upon aome minute circunutanoe in the 



. 



i colour U readily acted upon by the acid* even in their dilute 

 ; they evolve it* carbonic actd, and dissolve the oxide of cop]-r: 

 the *IV*^H*, putaih and aoda, and lime-water, combine with the carU.nic 

 add. and aepante oxile of copper; it "in blackened l.y Milph 

 hydiogeo, and it i* decomposed at a high temperature. It ought, 

 therefore, not to be uaed l.y artists. 



t'llrm-murimt. ThU splendid and |M-nnanent Hue pigment was 

 originally, and indeed until within * few yean exclusively. | 

 from a mineral called Antre Stone, or Lapis Lazuli, the finest kind* of 

 which 'are brought from China, Peraia, and Great Buchorio. In the 

 89th ml. of the Annales de Chimie,' M. Tassaert has noticed the 

 acddenul formation of ultra-marine in a furnace uaed for the manu- 

 facture of noda ; and about the year 1828, M. Ginelin of Tubingen, and 

 M. Guimet of Lyons, both succeeded in forming this i-.ili.ur artificially, 

 and it u now prepared in Urge quantity. ..f quality equal to tin- natural 

 product. The former of them chemists has given the t'..ll.. iiif : 

 for making this pigment, and he asserts that it will infallibly m 

 Prepare hydrate of ailica and alumina, the first by fusing powdered 

 quart* with four time* ita weight of carbonate of potash, dissolving the 

 rased mas* in water and precipitating the silica by hydrochloric acid ; 

 the second by decomposing a solution of alum with ammonia, \\-li 

 these two earth* carefully with boiling water; and by drying ].rtions 

 of the moist precipitate*, ascertain the quantity of dry earths w hi.-h 

 they contain. Then dissolve a* much of the hydrate of silica as a 

 flotation of aoda will take up, and determine the quantity. I 



part* of aiiliydruiiH silica take 70 part.'* of drj- alumina, add them 

 to the alkaline solution of silica, and evaporate, constantly xtirriug till 

 the residue i* nearly dry : this is the basis of the colour. 



Put into a Hessian crucible, which has a cover that fit* closely, a 

 mixture of two part* of sulphur and one part of anhydrous carbonate 

 of aoda; cover and heat the mixture moderately till it fuses; then 

 gradually throw in small portiins of the mixture above described, 

 waiting till the effervescence i* over before a fresh portion is added. 

 Keep the mixture at a moderate red heat for an hour. If there be an 

 ezoea* of sulphur it is to be expelled by a moderate heat, and it" all 

 parts should not be equally coloured, the finer portion after powdering 

 may be separated by washing with water, ' Annales de Chimie et de 

 Physique,' 37, 409. 'According to the author of this process, milphuivt 

 ofaodium is the colouring prin.-ipli' of thf lapis lazuli, and of course 

 of the artificial an well as the natuml ultramarine. 



This pigment limes it* colour totally by being put into an acid, and 

 although there i* no perceptible effervescence, a slight smell of sulphu- 

 retted hydrogen gas i* recognised ; the residue u of a dirty white 

 odour ; the alkalies do not act ii|>on this colour, nor u it destroyed by 

 exposure to a red heat. 



It wa* formerly, on account of its high price, used almost exclusively 

 by artists, both as a water-colour and in oil ; but the reduced charge at 

 which it i* now made ha* caused it to be extensively employed by 

 l*per-*tainere and calico-printer*. 



nrmanCi /Hue. This was proposed a* a substitute for ultra-marine 

 before the invention above described had rendered this latter colour 

 easily obtainable at a moderate price. According to Thcnard (' Traite 

 de Chimie,' tome i.) this pigment, the base of which is either 

 piiate or arwniale of cobalt, is ]>rcpared by adding a solution of phos- 

 phate of coda to one of nitrate of cobalt; the precipitated ph..-ph:itc 

 ilt, after due washing, is to, be mixed with moist hydrate of 

 alumina, the proportion* being one of the phosphate to eight ]iarts of 

 the hydrate ; or half the quantity of arseniate of cobalt may be sub- 

 titutnl for the pbo*]>hate. 



Tbei* substances are to be thoroughly mixed and then .lii. .1 in a 

 tov*. and when the mas* ha* become brittle it U to be calcined in a 

 covered crucible at a cherry-red heat for half an hour. 



Thw colour U one of great permanence, but i* not ao fine on the 

 ultramarine, and i* not now much used. 



SmaJi i* a blue colour ahw prepared from cobalt, but is generally 

 uaed rather to diminish the yellow tint of writing paper and of linen, 

 and to give a bluish colour to starch, than strictly speaking as a 

 {ftnant ; it is merely gias* rendered blue by oxide of colmlt. nnd this 

 when reduced to a very fine powder U commonly called /....'.'. /',/.,. 



[COIAI.T.J 



HI.I'K, PHIxslAX. [But] 



I1I.I-K vmiloi,. iCornm.Sri.i-H \rcor.] 



BOARD, a word used 



persona to whom i- iiitrnit.il the management of aome office or depart- 

 ment, usually of a public or corporate char* t rds of 

 the treasury and admiralty, the com: the lords of 

 the committee of the pnvy council I'm , are, 

 when met together for the transaction of the business of their respec- 

 tive office*, styled the Board of Treasury, the Board of Admiralty, tlic 

 Board of Custom*, the Board of Trade, the Poor-Law Board. Ac. ' The 

 -.Hue word i* used to designate the persons chosen from among the 

 propnctors to manage the operations of any joint-stock asm* 

 who are styled the Board of Directors. In ]iarochial government the 

 guardians of the poor, Ac., are called the Board of Guardini 

 The word 6mm in France is an equivalent expression. 



BOAT. fOcx-BOAT, LIFE-BOAT, MORTAR-BOAT, 4c.] 



BO ATS \V A IX. a warrant officer in a ship of war who has the care 

 I the rigging, cables, cordage, anchors, sails, boats, flags, colon i 

 other stores, which are committed to his charge by indent 

 surveyor of the navy. One of the chief duties which devolve upn 

 this officer u to attend to the rigging of the vessel, which i 

 to inspect every morning ; not only to observe that < 

 pro|H L rly tilted and arranged in its place, but to see that all things arc 

 in good condition, to remove whatever may l>e judged unfit for .- 

 .-mil to supply whatever may be deficient. Me cannot however cut up 

 or otherwise appropriate any cordage or canvas for the public uses of 

 the ship without a written order from the captain, and under the 

 inspection of the master. His instructions inculcate the utmost 

 frugality in the use of the stores int rusted to him ; and at the end of .1 

 voyage he must present to the surveyor of the navy minute a. . 

 previously audited and vouched by the captain nnd master, 

 purposes to which all the stores in his department have 1 ' 

 or of tl nces under which they may have been lost, stolen, 



misapplied, or returned to the dock-yard. He cannot receive his i>ay 

 till his accounts have been approved. 



In this department the boatswain is much under the control of the 



liis nioic exclusive function is that HUJHM intend, n. 

 control which he exercises over the men. He summons the crew to 

 their duty, assists with his mates in the necessary business of tin- ship, 

 and relieves the watch when its time expires. Mis call* on tin 

 are made by a silver whistle of a peculiar construction, v.cll-kti' 

 the " IK intswnin'g call." He must observe that the men attend when 

 called, and that they pro)>erly perform their duties ; and he is enjoined 

 to observe, " that the working of the ship be performed with as littlr 

 nl confusion as )>ssjlilc." The boatswain is a sort of provost- 

 marshal in the ship, inflicting Mich punishments: as may be award, d by 

 the caphiiu or by court-martial. Tin -e litter functions he performs 

 through his mate, whose otticc is pcrlia; unpopular 



navy. The Imat-swain is the examiner of seamen and boys befor 

 attain higher ratings, and is I in all things to be a 



thoroughly practical and finished seaman. Mis influence in n ship is 

 immense, and the discipline of the crew and the comfort of the ship 

 dc]iend greatly n his tact and temper, his firmness and judicious 

 forbearance. Hence his position (together with that of tin 

 warrant officers) is attracting the attention of the authoriti. 

 measures, are already in contemplation to restore his |>ositin which, 

 till 1844, was next in rank below second m rters, ..nd al- his ] 

 which was discontinued in 1830. Boatswains and the other warrant 

 [ WARRANT OKFHT:RS| fre.|iient!y at. sea keep a lieutenant'" 

 i-rward they \\ill. for highly meritorious conduct, be 

 allowed to hold commissions in her ' 



:t certain evimination, and the Admiralty allows the sum of I 1 

 cover the expense of outfit on such iy of a boat- 



swain varies from 4. 9rf. to (M. lil. per day. according to his class and 

 rate of ship. The number of his mates varies from four t one, 

 aeeordini; to the M/C of the vessel, and their pay V that of a chief 



petty ' 



!nliiiii nuil lnlriii'l!n nlutimi t" /.< , ,t/<i,'i .'/' - 

 llai-i i \c.) 



IKHUUNNKT ANIi I.ACI'.. |1. 



I'.ucLANI), laml held by I k or diarter. The two gi-eat distiiu 



lions of lands in the Anglo-Saxon times were those of boc-land and 

 folc-land. The former means land which had been severed from the 

 folc .hit. crted into nn estate of parpatoal inharttanee, K..|e- 



ii the other hand, w.is the the community. Sir 



i la popularis. i|u;c jui 



muni |Hsiiletur ' .' v. Kolelaiid.) In another 



i ..ndi he says, " l'i pliei titulo |>os?idebant : 



j.ti authoritate. i|uol l!o.-l.md v.H-abant vd |H.puli t.stimonio, 

 ipnnl Kolelaiid di" I '. lid. 1 in severally or occu- 



pied in cole: 'uld not I e .-.lien. ited in perpetuity. Where 



held in severally it was probably granted l.y the folcgcmot or district 

 oourt, or bestowed at a reward for some public service, and was sub- 

 jected to certain burden- beyond the military service and the main- 

 tenance of fortresses, bridges, nnd roads, exacted from all lauded 

 possessions, such as repairing the royal vills. furnishing . 

 horses to the sovereign and other great men on their journey, receiving 

 travellers, Ac. (LappenbergVOeschichte von Kngland;' J. M. K em Lie's. 



- in Kngland;' and his 'Codex Diplomatic!!* .J2vi Sax 

 lull. -i ' 



