BulAKiX IAS PHOSPHORUS. 



BOMBARDIER. 



from whom Raflaelle caught the feeling which aided him in hi* study 

 uf natiirv; and they bare been, to certain extent, adopted by th- 

 butd !' young painters in Uiii country who assumed the deniguntion 

 of Prv ICapbrhte Brethren. 



To recapitulate, the ichool of the Cancel ha* been often described 

 M merely imiUtire, but perhaps this has ariaen rather from the well- ' 

 known and ptufeated object of ita institutors and followers than i'i..m 

 a particular evidence of that object in their productions. If a certain 

 lesmnblanoe of manner, whaU*rer it ' derived n. in, characterise the { 

 masters, it may be admitted that no school preaenta o much \.m.-tv 

 a* u to be mrt with in the works of their disciples. Thin, it must be ' 

 cnotaxid. cannot be mid of the follower* of Michael Angelu and 

 RftflaeU*. The example of an eclectic style may thus lead to a more 

 original style, whereas the exani|ile uf an original Htyle, if it cajin.it lie 

 lil^aiiiil. can onlv end in a weaker copy. Yet assuming thnt the 

 Oaracci were an independent of the spirit of their age and as free to 

 choose their path as their biographers would lead us to suppose, bad 

 they endeavoured to follow up the feeling of Francia (not to return to 

 Lippo Dalmasio or to Giotto), they might hare succeeded in connecting 

 tut* higheat effort of the school with that earlier, national, or local 

 Htyle, which, aa we have seen, was nipped in its growth before it was 

 fully developed, |rtly perhaps because Francia devoted himself BO late 

 in life to the art, and thus still adhered to the incomplete and, as it ' 

 were, preparatory mode of imitation when the perfect one had already 

 been introduced. The merit of this painter, as one of the charac- 

 terittic Italian masters, should not however be forgotten, and his style 

 u not the leas interesting from being connected with that original 

 school of Umbria, distinct from the Florentine, which was remarkable 

 for purity of expression, and which had so much influence on the 

 education and genius of Raffaelle. 



We will only add that our National Gallery contains the following 

 works of painters of the Bolognese school, taken in their chronological 

 order : Of the 15th century, there are by Marco Zoppo (who painted 

 from 1471 to 1498) ' St. Dominic as the Institutor of the Rosary ' (a 

 good example of the mystical tendency which Rio terms the distinctive 

 feature of the early school of Bologna); and by Francia (1450-1518), 

 ' The Virgin with the Infant Christ and St. Anne enthroned, surrounded 

 by Saints, 1 and a ' Pieta ' (or ' Virgin and two Angels weeping over the 

 dead body of Christ '), which served as the lunette to the former, the 

 two pictures together forming the altar-piece of the Buouvisi chapel in 

 the church of San Fridiauo at Lucca. Of the 16th century, there are 

 -lovico Caracci (1555- 1619 1 an 'Entombment of Christ,' and 

 Susannah and the Two Elders ; ' by Agostino Caracci (1559-1602) 

 two cartoons, ' CVphalim and Aurora,' and ' Galatea ; ' and by Annibale 

 Caracci, no fewer than eight paintings, ' Christ appearing to Peter 

 after his Resurrection,' ' St. John in the Wilderness,' ' The Tempta- 

 tion of St. Anthony in the Desert,' ' Silenus gathering Grapes,' ' Pan 

 teaching Apollo to play on the Pipes,' ' Enuinia takes refuge with the 

 Shepherds/and two landscapes. Of the 17th century, by Domenichino 

 (1581-1641), ' The Stoning of St. Stephen,' ' St. Jerome and the Angel,' 

 and two landscapes; by Guido (1575-1642), ' Lot and his Daughters 

 leaving Sodom,' ' The youthful Christ embracing St. Peter/ ' Ecce 

 Homo,' ' The Magdalen,' The Coronation of the Virgin,' ' Susannah 

 and the Elder*,' ' St. Jerome,' ' Perseus and Andromeda,' ' Venus 

 attired by the Hours;' by Guercino (1592-1666), 'Angel* weeping 

 over the Dead Body of Christ ; ' and by Pietro Francesco Mola (1612- 

 1688), ' St. John Preaching in the Wilderness,' ami ' The liepose of 

 the Holy Family.' (Ample descriptions of these pictures will be 

 found in the excellent ' Catalogue of the National Gallery/ by R. N. 

 Wornum.) 



BOLOONIAN PHOSPHORUS. [BARIC* ; Baryta, SulplMte of.] 

 BOLORETtNE (C,oH M O,f) is the name of one of four resinous 

 compound! found in the peat of Denmark, on the remains of pine 

 trees. It U a fusible compound, but not crystalline. 



BOLSOVER STOKE. The yellow limestone of Bolsover in Derby- 

 shire baa been used in the construction of the new Houses of Parliament. 

 It was selected for it durability, strength, fitness for ornamental work, 

 and colour. It is a combination of carbonate of magnesia with car- 

 bonate of lime, in small granular crystals, without the slightest trace of 

 organisation, flinty nodules, or other blemishes. It was subjected to 

 various and tevere mechanical pressures, chemical reagents, Ac., and 

 sustained them with credit ; but experience has shown that it cannot 

 withstand the atmosphere of London any more than the Bath and 

 Portland oolites. 



BOLTHEAD, a chemical vessel, usually of green glass, and of a 

 globular form, with a narrow neck. It is chiefly employed in the 

 [< 01 n sans of ebullition and sublimation. 



BOMB, the original name of what in now called a shell, is a hollow 

 glob* of iron, which, when charged with a certain quantity of gun- 

 powder, is projected from a mortar or howitzer, generally at a consider- 

 able angle with the horizon ; in order that, by the momentum acquired 

 in its descent, it may crush through the roof, and, by exploding, destroy 

 any building on which it may fall. The name is thought to have been 

 given as an expression of the sound produced either in the explosion, or 

 at it* discharge from the piece of artillery employed to project it. 



It U said by gtrads, in his account of the wan in the Low Countries 

 that bombs WOT* employed for the first time in 1688 by Ernest, the 

 lather ut Charle-, Count of Mansfeldt , at the siege of Wachtcndoiik, a 



town near Gelders. He adds that they were invented, a few days 

 before that siege commenced, by an inhabitant of Venlo ; and it is 

 state* that the people of this city, wishing to exhibit the invention in 

 presence of the Duke of Cleves, discharged a bomb, which frilling on 

 one of the houses set fire to it, and, the flames spreading, three-fourths 

 of the town were destroyed before they could be extinguished. (Pere 

 Daniel, ' Histoire de la Milice Francaise,' liv. vii. chap. 6.) But Grose 

 relates that a French translation, made in 1555, of a work by V.-dturinus, 

 was accompanied by a print representing a cannon ju.-t fired, with a 

 I/all in the air and another on tin- ground, both of which were burning 

 at the vent. A title to the print denoted that thin was a contrivance 

 for firing a ball tilled with powder : and as the first edition of Valturinus 

 is dated 1472, it ap]H>ars from thence that liorabs must have been 

 invented about ths) middle of the 16th century. Blondel, however, in 

 his treatise entitled ' I. 'Art de .letter lea Bombed/ remarks that bombs 

 were used by the French for the first time in 1634, at the siege of La 

 Mothe, under the direction of ]/< .Mahlius, an English engineer, who 

 was invited from Holland by Louis XI 11.. and was afterwards killed at 

 the siege of Gravelines. 



In li>S8, there was cast in France an enormous bomb, which is said 

 to have been in the form of an egg, and to have been capable of con- 

 taining 7000 or 8000 pounds of powder ; it was nine feet long and five 

 feet in diameter, and the iron was six inches thick. The bomb was to 

 have been discharged against the Algerines, and the ship in which it 

 was embarked was to have been blown up with it. It was not however 

 employed, probably in consequence of on opinion that it would not 

 have had the intended effect, and no attempt has since been made to 

 project such an immense mass of metal. While the Citadel of Antwerp 

 was besieged by the French army in 1832, sheila twenty-four incln- in 

 diameter were thrown from the largest mortar which has been employed 

 in modern warfare ; the shell or bomb was capable of containing ninety - 

 iiinc pounds of powder, and when charged weighed 1015 pounds. 



The word bomb being now nearly superseded, except as u com] 

 in those which express the subjects of the three following articles, and 

 in the tenn bombardier, which is applied to the soldier whose duty it 

 is to serve the ordnance from which shells are projected, the description 

 of this missile will with most propriety be introduced under the words 

 which denote the different species at present in use : as CAKCASS, CASK- 

 SHOT, GRENADE, and SHELL. 



BOMB-PROOF. This name is given to a military magazine, or 

 other building, when its roof has sufficient thickness to resist the 

 shock of shells from mortars falling on it. Under the won! 

 BLINDAGE is given the construction of such buildings of timber 

 as are intended to secure troops or artillery from the effects of 

 what is called vertical fire; and under the word CASKMATE is shown 

 that of the vaults which are formed in the masses of ramparts to 

 serve for the like purposes. A bomb-proof however is generally 

 understood to signify an isolated building, rectangular on the plan, 

 formed of brick or stone, and covered with a vaulted roof of the 

 same material. The intrados, or interior line, in a vertical and trans- 

 verse section of the vault, is sometimes a semicircle, but now more 

 generally a parabola ; and the exterior surface of the roof is funned 

 by two inclined planes meeting in a ridge which is parallel to the sides 

 of the building and over the middle of its breadth. By this con- 

 struction, the greatest thickness is given to the crown, or centre part, 

 where a falling shot or shell would be most injurious to the stability of 

 the arch of the vault. It is intended to serve as a powder- or storc- 

 uiagazine, an hospital, or to cover a battery of guns or mortars ; and 

 when constructed in a fortress for the first of these purposes, it should 

 not only be isolated, but should also be situated in some spot at a dis- 

 tance from the fronts likely to be attacked, and secured as much as 

 possible against accidents. 



As the details of the construction and uses of such buildings are 

 given under ' it is only necessary to observe here, that the 



span, or interior width of a bomb-proof vault, is usually about eighteen 

 feet, and the thickness of the arch three feet at the nances or sides. 

 But the extrados, or exterior of the vault, should be covered with a 

 bed of earth about five feet deep, to deaden the concussion produced 

 by the shells which may strike it ; this earth should be renewed as fast 

 as it is blown away by the explosions, to prevent the shell from falling 

 on the naked vault ; for, as each shell would tear off the masonry to 

 the depth of two or three inches, it is evident that the building would 

 be totally destroyed after a few successive shocks. 



BOMB- VESSEL. What was, till recently, called a " bomb-vessel," 

 was a ship of about 350 tons burthen, intended to co-operate with a 

 fleet or squadron, in throwing shells from mortars of large dimen- 

 sions, such shells being 13-inch or 10-inch: they were in addition 

 armed with light cannonades. A greater beam or breadth was generally 

 given to these vessels, and their heavy mortars worked on traversing 

 platforms so as to command a wide horizontal range. Great changes, 

 however, are taking place in this class of vessel, and in this arm of 

 naval service mainly due to the invention of Sir William Armstrong. 

 These will be described under the word MOKTAU-BOAT. 



BOMBARDIER, a non-commissioned officer of the royal regiment 

 of artillery, whose duty it used to be to load shells, grenades, &c. ; to 

 make and fix the fuses, and who was particularly appointed to the 

 service of mortars and howitzers. At present the term is merely 

 applied to the uou-commisaioned officer who holds the same rank as a 



