ns 



BOUNTY, QUEEN ANNE'S. 



tho mud* of carrying it OD in the most ocouoiuiual and 

 Judicious manner, and in no very long space of tint* a joint-stock of 

 ioO.OOOi. was n arty all lost. 



There is however a distinction on this subject, which some consider 

 important : it is that which subsut* between a bounty given to " enable 

 our merchant* and manufacturer* to sell their goods a* cheap or cheaper 

 than their rivals in the foreign market," and a bounty which is given 

 in the hop* of raising up in lime a manufacture or production, so a* 

 to naturalise it, as it were, in the soil which has adaptations for it* 

 successful prosecution, but where the taste or turn for taking it up 

 ha* hitherto been found wanting. This is the specie* of bounty which, 

 in spit* of all the argument* of close reasoners, the statesmen of 

 E irups and other part* of the glob*, have, in their several spheres, 

 for many generations, shown a strong determination to adhere to, as a 

 line of useful policy. It is held by some that the policy of bounties 

 ha < not always been followed by the disastrous result* which the abstract 

 doctrine* of political economy lead us to anticipate, and they take as 

 n instance to the contrary the case of the beet-root cultivation for 

 ths purpose of sugar-making in France. The scheme originated with 

 Napoleon L in 1811, and was of course " bolstered up " by all kinds of 

 bounties, preferences, and advantages which it was in the power of a 

 despotic government to bestow. At first only from 14 Ib. to 2 Ib. of 

 surar was th produce of 100 Ib. of beet-root; in 1836, the systeih 

 being steadily continued, the produce had risen to 7 Ib. and 81b., and 

 it is said that this sugar, by means of improved chemical appliances 

 and advanced skill, has taken it* place in the French markets and com- 

 pete* with colonial sugar. Here, then, it is alleged, is an instance in 

 which a government, looking more to the future than to the present, 

 have, by a policy of encouragement, and no doubt at an immediate 

 loss, and doing violence to scientific rules, at length secured to the 

 country a valuable internal manufacture which affords a large field 

 for the remunerative employment of capital, and yearly absorbs 

 larger quantities of native labour. On the other hand, it may be 

 alleged, that the same amount of capital and labour might nave 

 been employed in the commercial exchange of the natural and esta- 

 blished products of France for colonial sugar; and that the industry of 

 the country would have been more properly stimulated, and the wonts 

 of the consuming population more advantageously supplied, by this 

 exchange of commodities, than by forcing a manufacture which, how- 

 ever it m.iy be partially successful, can never really produce a cheaper 

 commodity than can be had by buying in the cheapest market. The 

 protective system of French commerce, in general, it may be observed, 

 r&it* upon the same artificial foundation as that of the beet-root manu- 

 facture. It is said, also, in favour of bounties, that no one making 

 himself acquainted with the stores of information that have been 

 collected and hud before parliament by various committees, and other- 

 wise, respecting the possible value of the fisheries on the northern 

 coasts and inlands of Scotland, and most of the coast of Ireland, can 

 doubt that if by any means the inherent, and it would seem almost 

 indomitable, repugnance to the sea, which characterises the Celtic 

 noes, could be overcome, and a sufficient amount of capital and in- 

 dustry could be determined to the vigorous prosecution of those 

 fisheries, incalculable benefit* would be conferred on the habitually 

 poverty-stricken and listless populations of those coast*, and a great, 

 and, in many ways most advantageous, trade might be established. 



The system of bounties on the exportation of corn was abandoned 

 in this country in 1815 ; and those on the exportation of linen, and 

 several other articles ceased in 1830. In the same year also ceased 

 the bounties that had been for a long time granted by the legislature 

 for the encouragement and improvement of the British and Irish 

 fisheries, 7 G*o. IV. c. 34; thus putting an end to the payment of 

 any bounties whatever of the class now treated of, and granted by 

 authority of the legislature. 



Analogous to and closely connected with this description of bounties 

 is the system of drawback of duties upon the exportation of articles, 

 4 system which is still maintained in certain cases. [DRAWBACK.] 



i. Bounty, or the Queen's bounty, is a term used to signify a sum 

 of money given by government to persons enlisting in the army or 

 navy, in order to stimulate the supply of men to those services. 



The effect of the latter of thue bounties appears to be most 

 prejudicial to the interest* of commerce. In the spring of 1859 a 

 Royal Proclamation appeared offering a bounty of 101 to able seamen, 

 6L to ordinary seamen, and 32. to landsmen, who would enlist or enter 

 themselves in the Ruyal Navy. Before midsummer of the same year, 

 it was stated in Parliament, that since the proclamation the wages of 

 seamen in the mercantile service had been raised 20*. a month ; that 

 is, the oflrr of the Government bounty caused an increase in the pay of 

 the 300,000 men who an calculated to be employed in the mercantile 

 marine, of 122. a year per man. 



BOUNTY. QUEEN ANNE-S. [BEXIMCE.I 



BuW. [ARCBKBT.] 



B -> W, in Mutie. a machine used for drawing out the sounds from 

 that it, lor playing on stringed instruments of the violin kind. The 

 bow consists of : 1. the stick, which should be of hard elastic wood, 

 BraxJ wood being generally used for the purpose ; 2. of from eighty to 

 a hundred howhairs ; and 8. of a nut regulated by a screw, by which 

 more or IMS tension is given to the hair*. The violin bow was very 

 short in Coralli's time, but gradually increased in length, till Viotti, 



BKAHMA. 



whose dictum in whatever concerned his instrument was received as 

 law, fixed it at twenty-eight inches. The violoncello bow is larger and 

 stronger. That for the double-baa* is short and strong, and the stick 

 is bent, forming something like the segment of a circle, of which the 

 hairs when stretched are the chord. 



BO TAR or BOYARD, the general name for the fief-holders among 

 the SUvonic races, and who ultimately formed the nobility in Russia, 

 Moldavia, and Wallachia. The original nobility of Russia were com- 

 posed of persons descended from the leading warriors of the first 

 Russian monarch, Rurik and his successors, who, like the Norman 

 warriors under our own William I., received huge fiefs in the country 

 which their valour had enabled their chief to win. The fiefs seem to 

 have been held by the sole tenure of military service ; they paid no 

 impost* to the prince, but every boyard had in his own possession the 

 game powers and right of customs and tribute which himself had on hu 

 domains. The fierce struggles between kings and nobles which we 

 read of in other countries were not known in Russia. Various causes 

 have been assigned for this ; the veneration generally entertained for 

 the blood of Rurik was doubtless one; to which we may add the 

 circumstances which combined to prevent any great power from being 

 concentrated in the hands of individual nobles. In the first place, the 

 scarcity of cities and strongholds prevented any of the military leaders 

 from perpetuating themselves in their commands; and when the 

 empire was divided into a multitude of small principalities, under the 

 general and indefinite superiority of one Grand Duke, secondary fortunes 

 were subject to continual mutation in the struggles which were always 

 taking place among the princes, and which resulted from the singular 

 law ot' succession, by which the brother of a deceased prince, and not 

 his son, succeeded to the vacant appanage. It was also an unfavour- 

 able circumstance resulting from this law, that the prince of the lateral 

 branch was usually a stranger in the appanage to which be succeeded, 

 and that he generally came to it with a train of nobles and followers 

 who engrossed his favour and preference. In fact, the princes them- 

 selves had more analogy than the boyards to the turbulent nobles of 

 France and England; and the boyards themselves resembled the 

 knights, who in those countries regarded the barons as their immediate 

 superiors. 



The boyards of Russia, then, owed their final elevation to the 

 extinction of the petty principalities, and to the establishment of 

 the hereditary principle in the succession to the grand dukedom. 

 They had preserved to themselves very extensive privileges and immu- 

 nities, which were felt to be inconvenient to the power of a <! 

 monarch. Under Ivan many of these privileges were taken from them, 

 such as their hereditary privilege to certain offices, and their right to 

 transfer their allegiance ; but he at the same time bestowed offices on 

 many of them, with a prohibition against leaving the court. This 

 system by degrees reduced them into mere dependents on court 

 favour ; and, in fact, the defection of the nobles from their immediate 

 superiors, in order to avail themselves of the more certain protection 

 and larger favours which the Grand Dukes were enabled to offer after 

 the alteration of the order of succession, sealed the ruin of the petty 

 princes, whose contentions hod before distracted the empire. From 

 this time we find the boyards occupying trusts which only princes 

 had previously been privileged to hold ; and no principle, separately 

 from the general usages of the country, remained to distinguish the 

 Russian nobles from those of other European countries, to which 

 Peter the Great elevated them by his regulations. The distinction, 

 while it existed, operated in giving a very peculiar tone to the early 

 history of the Russian monarchy. 



Boyara continue to exist in Moldavia and Wallachia, with many 

 of their original privileges, and much of their original power and 

 influence. 



BOYEAU is any trench executed by the besiegers of a fortress to 

 serve as a covered communication, or line of approach, during the pro- 

 gress of the siege. It receives the denomination of a parallel, an 

 oblique, or a zig-zag boyeau, according to the line of its direction with 

 respect to the general front of the works attacked. [TRENCH.] 



BOYLE'S FUMING LIQUOR. This compound which is identical 

 with hydrated iwu/pAk of ammonium is obtained by passing sulphur 

 and ammonia through a red hot porcelain tube; or by igniting together 

 3 ports of slaked lime and 2 of sulphur, and then distilling 3 part* of 

 the product with 2 of chloride of ammonium and 1 of sulphur. It is 

 a yellow foetid oily liquid which often deposits lamellar yellow crystals 

 on cooling. It is decomposed by acids with the evolution of sulphu- 

 retted hydrogen and deposition of sulphur. 



BRACELET. [ARMILLA.] 



BRAHMA, a Sanscrit word, the name of the Supreme Being in the 

 religious system of the Hindoos. The primitive meaning of the word 

 is not quite clear ; it is evidently connected with the verbal root hrili, 

 " to grow, to expand," whence brlhat, "great ; " and bos been explained 

 by some as properly implying " the widely expanded Being." The 

 crude form of the word, or the name in its uninflected state, is 

 Brahman, and it is of great importance well to distinguish a two-fold 

 use of that term, accordingly as it is declined as a substantive of the 

 neuter or of the masculine gender. When inflected as a substantive of 

 the neuter gender, it* termination in the nominative case is a thvrt a, 

 Brahma (sometimes written Brahme or lirahm in English works on 

 Hindoo mythology), and thus declined it designates the essence of the 



