411 



BRONCHITIS IN AXIMAL8. 





411 



at UM reapiratory organs will UMO rapidly degenerate Into thi* diaeace. 

 A* it pursue* iu coune, the membrane becomes thickened by inflam- 

 , and UM calibre of the bronchial tube* U proportionally dimi- 

 whilc th muooua accretion b abundantly incn-aiwd. and 

 i|uruily the animal diw of aoffocation, UM air pwwgw becoming 



oomnlitsly cloned. 



Atttitf should b* early resorted to, but very cautiously ; for what 

 ia true of erery mucous membrane i* more especially so here the 

 patient will not bear considerable or rapid depletion. While the blood 

 U flowing, UM finger of UM veterinary surgeon should be on the sub- 

 maxillary artery, and the vein should be pinned up as aoon a* the pulse 

 begins to falter : four pound* will scarcely be withdrawn before thia 

 wJl be UM oaaet Pkfmr should also be administered, but very cau- 

 tiously ; for UM sympathy between the muooua membranes ia sooner 

 developed in this case than in any other di*eaae, and a degree of 

 purging ia readily excited which bids defiance to all control. Two 

 drachm* of aloes should be administered morning and night, until the 

 fasces become softened. The dung having been rendered pulUceou*, 

 powdered <l^ptlt, nitre, and sulphur should be administered morning 

 and night in dose* varying according to the circumstance* of the case. 

 From half a drachm to two drachms of the first may be given, and 

 from two to four drachma of each of the other drugs. 



A blister i* indispensable, and it should cover the brisket and sides, 

 and extend up the windpipe even to the throat. The horse ahould not 

 be coaxed to eat, and nothing more nutritive than mashes should be 

 allowed. 



Oattlf. Bronchitis i* a still more formidable disease among cattle, 

 and many thousand animal* are yearly destroyed by it The winter 

 cough, which shameful neglect at first produce*, and which inexcusable 

 inattention and idleness suffer to continue, almost inevitably terminates 

 in bronchitis or inflammation of the lung*, or both united. The food 

 of cattle ia much concerned in the production of it Mouldy hay and 

 lad straw, the very refuse of the farm, and the common aliment of the 

 yearling cattle, too generally and fatally produce inflammation of the 

 ill naanatra ; and many a beast come* from the straw-yard bearing the 

 seas of death within him. 



The most frequent victims of thU disease however are young cattle, 

 yearlings, and especially in low marshy or woody countries. On an 

 upland farm, and particularly on a chalky and loamy soil, it is com- 

 paratively seldom known. It ofteneet prevails in dry seasons, when 

 the water of the brook fails, and that of the ponds is putrid and filled 

 with animalcul**. 



The attack of bronchitia U somewhat sudden ; the animal has a dry, 

 husky, and peculiarly distressing cough, and very soon begins to droop 

 and to lose condition. It is painful to see the poor beast standing with 

 his extended head, dilated nostrils, and anxious countenance ; violently 

 coughing, almost without intermission, until he ia completely exhausted, 

 and talk or die* of suffocation. This state of misery continues from a 

 fortnight to a month. On examination after death, the bronchial tubes 

 exhibit some inflammation, yet far leas than could be expected ; while, 

 characterising the diaeaae, and fully accounting for all its distressing 

 symptom*, these passage* and the wind-pipe, and often the larynx and 

 the faucea, are filled with small worms, forming a kind of coat mixed 

 with the mucus, or connected together in knots of various size*. The 

 iliaosnr i* either produced or much aggravated by the presence of these 

 worms and the irritation which they produce. 



These worms belong to the Nctnatoid group, and have been named 

 Pilgrim bnmeilialu and Stnmyyliu htrii/atiu. They are of a thread-like 

 form, from half an inch to two inches in length ; the body round, the 

 head obtuse, the mouth circular, and surrounded with minute barbs, 

 or tlfngt^ papilla: ; the tail of the female pointed, and that of the 



great number of 

 Mve bMoo>|x>aft 



rounded and oblique. 



The female usually contains a 



egg* ; and a few of the ova, but so few as to appear to 

 dthr* accidentally, are occasionally found env, I..,. ,1 



in UM mucui of the windpipe aad the air-paasages of the lung*. Of the 

 stanl hintory of thi* worm nothing is known, but the fact of the 

 laHH"""" ' the female shows that thia i* the last if not the only 

 late of ite existence. ' 



The ova, or the minute worm*, are received from the pastures, or, 

 more probably, from the water, when stagnant or loaded with oni- 

 nialculas. Being alive, it ia probable they escape the digestive | 

 of the stomach, and mingle with the blood, and thread the various 

 circulatory wasagea until they arrive at a congenial abode ; or the ova 

 may be hatched by the warmth and moisture of the mouth, and then 

 wind their way to then- destined residence. 



The modes of cure arc evident : we should either destroy or remove 

 these intruder*, or strengthen the animal so that he shall bear up 

 against the irritation which they excite ; for it ia well known to the 

 farmer that if the patient*, by the natural pov> . 



T l-\ the application of certain mean*, can struggle with the disease 

 until the cold weather sets in, and the worm die*, or must find an<>tlu T 

 residence, they will eventually recover. The pasture shoul.l U- changed 

 a* soon as the diaeaae ia discovered. The supply of fresh i 

 be prevented, or possibly that deleterious matter, whether connected 

 with the water or the pasture, which U necessary to their thriving and 

 multiplying, will be no longer obtained. The simple change of pas- 

 ture in an early stage of the disease has saved thousands of 

 cattle. 



If however these parasite* have so far established themselves a* to 

 resist thia mode of attack, it must be considered whether som. 

 cannot be brought into actual contact with them, which will 

 destroy them, or so far annoy and weaken them that they will 

 their hold and be expelled by the convulsive coughing* of t) 

 The most obvious method of accomplishing this is, to cause the | 

 to breathe some pungent and deleterious gas, such as that pr. -li- 

 the burning of sulphur or the evolution of chlorine. Dy both of those 

 fumigations the worm* have been quickly and perfectly destroyed. I nit 

 there ia considerable care required in the management of these . 

 ments; inflammation in the air-passages, very difficult afterw.n 

 allay, has been produced, and occasionally the beast a* well as the. 

 worm has been destroyed. This mode of treatment should ill 

 be considered as a last resource, and should never be intrusted to 

 inexperienced hand*. 



Common salt readily destroy* many species of worms, and i* con- 

 veyed through the circulatory vessels in a suilii i< ntly pure state to 

 expel these vermin from the air-passage*: at tin- .-..i.i,- time it is an 

 admirable tonic, and supports the decaying strength of the animal, 

 The most powerful vermifuge however in these case* is lime-water, and 

 if half a pint of it, with a couple of ounces of common salt, is gi 

 each patient every morning, attention being paid to a chaug> 

 jfrhaps a repeated change of pasture, and to the comfort < 

 animals in other respects, the majority of them will be sa\ 



This disease occasionally appear* in lambs, deer, and swine. The 

 mode of treatment should be the same as for calves. 



BRO'NCHOCELE (ftwyxrii\,), from Bp4yx<" (bronchos), 

 and icfar> (cele), a noeliiny ; called also Qoltre and Derbyshire Neck ; a 

 swelling in the upper and fore part of the neck, occasional by a | 

 natural enlargement of the thyroid gland. The tumour is free from 

 pain, generally of the natural colour of the skin, does not readily 

 inflame, and is not of a malignant character. often the n welling U 

 rather a deformity than an inconvenience ; but occasionally, and espe- 

 cially when the tumour i* large, it cause* serious evil, by obstructing 

 the voice and the respiration. 



When the swelling first appears, it is soft, spongy, and elastic ; after 

 some time it assume* a more firm and fleshy consistence, being h< 

 firmer in some places than in others, and it gradually spreads toward* 

 each side of the neck until it attain* in some cases a prodigious magni- 

 tude. In general the swelling affect* the whole gland, but occa.- 

 only one lobe is enlarged. When the swelling attains a great size, and 

 the lower part of the gland U more especially involved in the diaeaae, 

 the tumour hangs pendulous from the neck. On examining the ii 

 of the gland, it U found to consist of innumerable cells of aid. nut, 

 sizes, which arc all filled with a transparent viscid fluid, 

 known of the real nature of thia disease. Little uaioertaimtl of the cause! 

 which i-itln-r predispose to it or which produce it Many causes are 

 assigned, which is commonly the cam- when n cause is known. More- 

 'i the present instance, several of the causes assigned are contra- 

 dictory. What i* certain is, that there are countries, or rather part 

 place* in certain countries, for example, Switzerland, Savoy, the Tyrol, 

 certain districts of South America, and gome place* in Great Britain, 

 a* Derbyshire, iu which tlio disnaso is ndemit (common to the 

 inhabitants of the same country, from some cause specially connected 

 with that country). It i* much more common in females than in male*. 

 In Great Britain it i* very seldom seen in males, but in Switzerland, 

 mil in other place* in which it i* very prevalent, males are more often 

 attacked than in Britain. It commonly occurs about the age of p 

 .iml in girls seem* to be strictly connected with an irregularity in ih.- 

 female health. l)r. Copland says, " In a considerable mimW of case* 

 which have come la-fore me in female*, I have never met with any 

 In-fore the pe mencing puberty, not even at the Infirmary 



for Children ; although the menses have often been delayed for a year 

 or two, or even longer, when the tumour ha* appeared at this epoch ; 

 .n.l I have seldom observed an instance in this sex unconnected with 

 some irregularity of the menstrual discharge or disorder of the n 



us. In two cases occurring in married females, who were im.l. i 

 my care, unhealthy or irregular menstruation had existed during thu 



