ill 



BUDDING. 



BUILDING. 



412 



BUDDING, an operation in horticulture, by means of which the 

 branches of one kind are often made to grow upon the stem of another 

 kind. It is stated in the article BUD [NAT. HIST. Div.J, that this 

 organ has the power of growing when separated from the mother-plant. 

 Not only will it grow, but it will emit roots, form a stem, and become 

 in time a new individual in all respects similar to its parent, retaining 

 all the special peculiarities of the latter. In this respect it differs from 

 a seed, which in general is not capable of doing more than propagating 

 a species, without any power of preserving, unless accidentally, the 

 peculiarities of the individual from which it sprang 



Gardeners have availed themselves of this property in leaf-buds for 

 the purpose of artificial propagation, either by planting the separated 

 buds in earth, or by introducing them into the branches of other 

 plants. The former is called propagation by eyes ; the latter only is 

 technically named budding. 



Budding is usually executed thus : With a very sharp knife a fully 

 formed bud, and the leaf to which it is axillary, are pared off the 

 branch, along with about half an inch of bark adhering to them at the 

 upper end, and an inch and a-half at the lower end. By holding the 

 leaf firmly between the finger and thumb of the left hand, with 

 the wounded side of the paring uppermost, the operator is able to 

 disengage from the bark the small slip of wood which adheres to it, 

 and by a jerk to snap it off the paring, leaving nothing but the cellular 

 centre of the bud adhering to the bark. This done, he makes in the 

 branch to be operated on, one incision transversely through its bark, 

 and another longitudinally at right angles to the first and in a direction 

 downwards, so that the two together resemble the figure of the 

 letter T- He then, with a flat ivory blade, lifts up the bark on each 

 side of the longitudinal incision, so as to separate it from the wood, 

 and inserts beneath it the prepared bud, which is gently pushed down- 

 wards till the bud itself is a little below the transverse line. This 

 done, a ligature of bass is carried round the stem so as to bind the bud 

 firmly to the new wood on which it is placed. If the operation is well 

 performed, the bud will thus be fixed on a new plant in the same 

 position as it occupied on the branch from which it was taken ; the 

 mouths of the medullary rays of its bark will unite with those of the 

 wood of the stranger plant, it will be kept in contact with a continual 

 supply of food oozing out of the alburnum on which it is placed, it 

 will absorb that food, and soon accustom itself to its new position. 

 Then, when the growing season arrives it will be stimulated by light 

 and warmth to attract sap from the wood to which it has adhered, it 

 will push forth new wood of its own over that which it touches, and 

 thus will form as intimate a union with its stock as it would have 

 formed with its parent plant. In order to enable the latter to do this, 

 it is customary to head down budded branches to within a few inches 

 of the buds, so as to compel the sap which oozes from the roots to 

 expend itself upon the former ; a few natural buds near the artificial 

 bud are allowed to push sufficiently to attract the sap to their neigh- 

 bourhood, and are then destroyed ; when the stranger bud has pushed 

 to the length of a few inches, it is tied to the stem so as to be secured 

 from being broken off by accident ; and finally, when it is quite secure, 

 that small portion of the stem of the stock which had been left above 

 the bud in the first instance is cut away, and the branches produced 

 by the bud become the head of the new tree. 



Such is the general nature of budding, but like all other operations 

 it can only be well performed after some experience. It may be varied 

 within certain limits, and there are in fact a few other modes, such as 

 rei-erscd-buddiny and tcallnp-buddinfj, which are occasionally practised 

 (see Loudon's ' Encycl. of Horticulture,' new edition, p. 656) ; but that 

 here described is the most common and the best. Roses, plums, 

 peaches, nectarines, cherries, and many other plants are chiefly propa- 

 gated thus, and there is no theoretical reason why it should not be 

 extended to all species. In practice, however, it is occasionally found 

 impracticable, as in heaths, in vines, &c., owing to specific causes, 

 which vary in different instances. 



Budding is usually performed in the months of July and August, 

 because at that season the bark separates freely from the wood, and 

 the young buds are fully formed ; but whenever the two latter con- 

 ditions can be satisfied, the operation may take place equally well. 



It must, however, be observed, that the bud of one plant can only 

 be made to grow upon the wood of another when both bud and stock 

 are nearly related botanically. Thus, the orange tree will not bud on 

 the pomegranate, as is supposed by the ill-informed. Roses will bud 

 upon roses, but not upon currants; apples will bud upon pears or 

 thorns, pears upon medlars or quinces, and apricots upon plums, because 

 ;ill these species are closely related ; but an apple will not bud upon a 

 pUim or a peach, because, although they are allied to a certain degree, 

 yet their consanguinity is not sufficiently strong. 



BUDE LIGHT. This, together with many other modes of illumi- 

 nation for domestic, scientific, and manufacturing purposes, will be 

 described under LIGHTS, ARTIFICIAL. 



BUFFOON, a jester ; the name is said to be derived from " buffa," 

 a word of the corrupt latinity of the middle ages, synonymous with 

 u/apa, that is, a slap on the cheek. u/e and Buffet in the old French, 

 iind Bvfetada. in Spanish, were used in the same sense. Mountebanks 

 and clowns in the farces used frequently to swell their cheeks with 

 wind and then give each other a slap which produced a noise, to the 

 amusement of the spectators. Hence are derived the word liuffimes in 



| Latin, the French Bouffons and the Italian Suffoni (Ducange). JBu/are, 

 I or sbuffare in Italian, means to puff the wind through the mouth. The 

 English word buffoon is now generally used in a contemptuous sense. 

 j The Italians have two distinct words, Buffo and Buffone. Buffo is a 

 i theatrical term : opera buffa, coinedia buffa, is a burlesque play, in 

 contradistinction to opera seria and commedia di carattere, or serious 

 comedy. The buffo is one of the principal characters in those plays, 

 corresponding to the English clown ; in an opera there are often two, 

 primo buffo and secondo buffo. Buffone in Italian means a funny 

 ludicrous fellow, but not always in a contemptuous sense. Bouffon 

 in French and buffoon in English have been occasionally used as synony- 

 mous with king's fool, a well-known character at courts in former 

 times. 



BUILDING, or the art of constmcting edifices, is defined by some 

 writers as practical, in contradistinction to theoretical, architecture ; 

 but, without a previous explanation of the meaning of the term archi- 

 tecture, such a definition is imperfect, since, although building is 

 necessarily included or involved in the execution of all architectural 

 works, many of the works produced by the builder have either no 

 claim at all, or a claim by no means generally admitted, to be con- 

 sidered architectural works. In the practice of civil architecture, the 

 builder comes between the architect who designs the work and the 

 artisans who execute it ; and, in a commercial point of view, between 

 the party by whom the capital is provided on the one hand, and the 

 merchants and manufacturers who provide the necessaiy materials, 

 and the workmen whose office it is to shape .and unite them, on the 

 other. For the temporary employment of his own capital and the 

 exercise of his directing skill, he is usually remunerated by charging 

 his employer for labour and materials at a higher rate than he has paid 

 himself ; and, for the mutual security of all parties, he generally works 

 by contract, either undertaking to execute the building, with all con- 

 tingent works, for a given gross sum, which is termed a lumping con- 

 tract, or agreeing to perform the whole work at certain specified rates 

 per yard, rod, foot, &c., according to the nature of the work, the 

 quantities being measured according to established rules. 



An article upon the multifarious operations connected with building 

 would not only require more space than is consistent with the plan of 

 this work, but would also involve the repetition of much information 

 already given under various heads. Such a general treatise is supplied 

 in the long and elaborate article ' Building,' in the ' Encyclopaedia 

 Britannica,' contributed by Mr. Hosking ; a treatise which may be con- 

 sulted with advantage by readers who wish to go very fully into the 

 subject. Here we propose to do little more than give such an outline 

 as may enable the reader to turn readily to those portions of the work 

 in which the various branches of the general subject are treated of. 



Of the distinction between building, properly so called, and archi- 

 tecture, some account is given, together with remarks on ancient 

 styles of building, in the article ARCHITECTURE ; and under HOUSE, 

 the subject of domestic architecture, which it is all-important for 

 a builder to be well acquainted with, is treated at some length. 

 From the last-mentioned article it will be evident that the attention 

 of the builder should be directed rather to matters of utility and 

 comfort than to such as relate to ornament ; although as many houses 

 are erected without the aid of a professed architect, it is desirable 

 that he should be so far acquainted with the principles of architectural 

 design as to avoid unpleasant proportions and incongruity of ornament. 

 Where the choice of site remains with himself, he should avoid a low 

 and damp situation, and also a situation exposed to cold winds. A 

 good supply of water to the house, and sufficient fall to ensure perfect 

 drainage, are essential ; and as a general rule, the advantage of 

 southern and western frontages should be secured as much as possible. 

 The direction of the prevalent winds is a point to be carefully con- 

 sidered, in order that the openings of doors and windows may be so 

 arranged as to avoid draughts and smoky chimneys, which are not un- 

 frequently occasioned by want of due attention to this matter. 

 [SMOKE.] Such points being duly considered, drawings of the in- 

 tended building, showing not only its exterior form, but also its 

 ulterior arrangements and the substance of its walls and partitions, 

 as explained under DESIGN, ARCHITECTURAL, are prepared ; after which 

 the actual construction commences by the preparation of a firm 

 foundation for the structure, as described under FOUNDATION. The 

 excavation formed for the foundation should be executed with the 

 utmost care, and the level must be produced by the removal of earth 

 until an even surface is obtained; the production of a level by filling 

 up hollows with loose materials is extremely hazardous. For the 

 mode of laying foundations under water see COFFERDAM. 



The articles BRICKWORK and MORTAR contain information on the 

 construction of brick walls ; but the Metropolitan Buildings Act (18 & 

 19 Viet. c. 122), contains provisions, particularly in the schedules, 

 which must be carefully attended to by every builder. 



The various modes of bonding brick walls are sufficiently described 

 in BRICKWORK ; but these relate simply to the mode of arranging the 

 separate bricks or component parts into a solid and cohesive wall or 

 mass of brickwork. Much more than this, however, is required in 

 building the walls of a house, in order to prevent, as much as possible, 

 their strength from being impaired by the necessary openings for doors 

 and windows, and to afford the means required for connecting the 

 :loor and window frames, floors, partitions, and other woodwork, with 



