1 



of guldands: 



> 



BULLS. PAPAU 



BUOYS. 



i 



luring the year 1857, the hut for which 



Gold. 



ToUlfoW 



Vsluc. 



. (,>},; < 1 

 901,111 I. 4 



. 4.49,S60 1 t 



-. - r, Value. 



Florin. 167,111 



Slullinp. 128,106 



Sixpence. 44,386 



Foiuprnrr* ...... 69 6 



Thr. r|er 12,034 1 



Twopence* 12 



FWM 33 



: W Ova 



. . s;2,780 o o 



f given depth. which will support a given weight, the following 

 equation may ! formed : 



Let * be the unknown area of a horizontal s, h the mass 



of timber, and consequently the horizontal surface of : 

 Let <l be tin- given .1. -pih of U,,- ui 



water. 



lepth to which it is to be immersed. 

 he wood, and ;/' that of the water 

 hich is to be supported : 



Then ixdxo + 



('Companion to the Almanac,' 1859, p. 169.) 



Still more difficult must it be to arrive, upon reasonable grounds, at 

 an Mtimate of the value of the bullion in circulation, in the shape of 

 coined mun y, throughout the world. Nevertheless, such calculations 

 hare been wade by various political economists ; of these, the following 

 are perhaps the most trustworthy. The quantity of coined money in 

 the world has been estimated thus : 



By Storch, . at 221 millions sterling. 

 Humboldt, 826 



Jacob, 880 ,. 



BULLS, PAPAL. Letters issued from the papal chancery, and so 

 named from the buUa or leaden seal which is appended to them. The 

 difference between bulls, briefs, and other Apostolical rescripts, is 

 noticed under the word BRIEF. Bulls are written on parchment. If 

 they regard matters of justice, the seal is affixed by a hempen cord ; if 

 of grace, by a silken thread. The seal bears, on the obverse, heads of 

 St. Peter and St. Paul : on the reverse, the name of the pope, and the 

 date of the year of his pontificate. In France, in Spain, and in most 

 other kingdoms professing the Roman Catholic faith, bulls are not 

 admitted without previous examination. In England, to procure, to 

 publish, or to use them, is declared high treason by 13 KHz. c. 2. The 

 name Bull has also been applied to certain constitutions issued by the 

 emperors. In affair* of the greatest importance bullie of gold were 

 employed, whence they were called Golden Bulls. 



n folio volumes, published at Luxemburg, between 1747 and 

 175S, contain the bulls issued from the pontificate of Leo the Great to 

 that of Benedict XIV., from A.D. 461 to A.D. 1757. The two most 

 celebrated among them are, that ' In cccnA Domini,' which U read 

 every year, as these words imply, on the day of the Lord's Supper 

 (Maundy Thursday) : it denounces various excommunications against 

 heretics and other opponents of the Romish see : and the bull ' Uni- 

 genitus,' as it is called from its opening words, " Unigenitus Dei, lilius," 

 usual by Clement XI. in 1713, condemning 101 propositions in 

 Queanel's work, or in othnr words, supporting the Jesuits against the 

 JanienisU in their opinions concerning divine grace. 



The most remarkable Imperial Bull is that approved by the Diet ol 

 the Germanic empire in 1356, in which Charles IV. enumerated all the 

 functions, privileges, and prerogatives of the electors, and all the for- 

 malities observed in the election of aa emperor, which were considered 

 as fundamental laws till the dissolution of the Germanic body in 

 1806. We believe that the Latin original is still preserved at Frank- 

 fort with the golden seal, or buila, from which it derives its name, 

 appendant to it. 



BUO V A N I ' V i* the power which certain materials have of being 

 supported at the surface of a fluid so as to sink in it as much only as a 

 part of their depth or thickness ; thus ice, some woods, Ac., are said to 

 have buoyancy in water. Almost all solid bodies have the power o: 

 floating on mercury. The term is frequently used to designate the 

 weight by which a solid mass of wood, or a vessel of wood or metal 

 can be made to sink in water till its upper surface is on a level wit) 

 that of the water, or till a horizontal section of the body, at a given 

 distance from the upper or lower surface of the Utter, is on that level 



It is shown [HYDROSTATICS] that, when a body is immersed in a 

 fluid, the weight of the body with whatever it may carry is equal to 

 the weight of as much of the fluid as is equal in volume to the 

 immersed port of the body. Hence, if the specific gravity of a bod; 

 and that of a fluid are given (the former being leas than the latter) 

 the buoyancy may be found. Thus, by the rules of mensuration, fine 

 hi cubic feet the volume of the body, if it is to be wholly immersed, or 

 the volume of the part only which U to be under water, and multiply 

 H by the specific gravity of water (the weight of a cubic foot of the 

 fluid), tli,- product will lie the weight of the water displaced : subtract 

 from this product the weight of the Imdy. and the result will be tli 

 required buoyancy, or the weight which it will carry without sinking 

 lower than the given depth. If the body, suppose it to be a log of tin: 

 ber, cannot be actually weighed, the product of iu volume by it* specifi 

 gravity will express its weight 



If it be required to find the volume of a rectangular mass of timber 



whence, = 



uiaea of wood, and 

 Let ;/ be the specific gra 



al.-o let \V be the ;. . 



= xd / x. / '; 



W 



and this value of being multiplied by d, will give the required 

 oluine. 



In a similar manner may the buoyancy of casks or other vessels be 



'iitind, or the number of vessels which would lie required to float any 



iviii weight ; (lie \olumo-. being found by the rules of mensuration, 



ind the weight of a vessel by experiment or by the volume and specific 



jruvity of its solid part. 



This proportion is useful in determining the amount of volume 

 which would have buoyancy sufficient to raise a sunken ship, or in 

 determining the dimension* of a floating bridge which may support a 

 riven weight of troops or artillery. 



As regards a ship, the D of buoyancy is by Sterling' - 



^ STERLING'S RULES] reduced to a very simple formula. It will be 

 sufficient however here to mention some 'interesting facts connected 

 with the subject of buoyancy. 



To the uninitiated, the circumstance of the absolute trright of a ship 

 of war being known must appear a difficulty ; not so however to the 

 naval architect. The above equation shows that weight may be as 

 readily ascertained by measurement as by experiment. Hence w 

 [Peake) that a man-of-war of 120 guns, with stores and equipments to 

 load water-line, and which no human means could easily place " in the 

 Balance." weighs 4760 tons the mere hull weighing 2462 tons, as seen 

 in the following tabular arrangement : 



Such are (or rather have hitherto been) the buoyancies or displace- 

 ments of the dill'urent classes of her Majesty's ships ; but a vast change 

 is in progress. Naval architecture must henceforth conform 

 absolutely to the improvements suggested by the use and development 

 of steam-power. The question of projectiles [QCNNKRY], now only 

 dawning upon the world, as experiments increase in numb, 

 interest, must also greatly modify the form of 

 consideration of " buoyancy " of still more importance to Great !' 

 as a nation, inasmuch as the change of material insnbstitutiiiL: "plotm" 



for planks of oak will cUectatotal revolution in the 

 floatation of ships. [SHIP.] The subject, so congenial am 1 imp 

 to Englishmen, will be treated in this Cyclopa-dia accordingly. 



Since the year of the Great Exhibition in Hyde I 'ark, t!i 

 sideration of " buoyancy " has been more prominently before the public 

 from the attention drawn towards it in the investigation of the 

 Dualities of various forms <>f life-boats. Such investigation resul 

 the production of a boat which is now known a- IVake's life -Imat, and is 

 extensively used on the coast. [ LICK-BOAT.] But. \\h 

 may be taken for the yeneraJ safety of a ci -. th.<: :h 



encouragement given by the Shipwrecked Mai Y-hcr- 



men and mariners to avail tin mnulves of the means of " indi\ idu .d 

 buoyancy " is met with indill. ' buildups of liven are conse- 



quently lost yearly. The lamentable effects of this professional prejudice 

 are to be seen in the number of widows and orphans at all our sea-|>orts 

 and fishing villages, stretching to a mere , iilm ihc I 



which the funds of the Shipwrecked Mai; , mi^'ht ot! 



annual!- iy.-inK it- prai.-ewortln endeavours to alleviate, 



by the "weightier and more concentrated di.-tiihut.ion of it.- humane 

 and seasonable assistance, the misery which appeals so loudly to our 

 sympathies. 



" (I'eake's s.'iiii.lliiil'liiii/ : Skipvrtclxd Jtarinert' Ifagaane, tic.) 



I'd i>^s Kn ti- h. /;""<. t'ciman.. I i(.;'i"., I' 

 Danish, .l/<(v /',,/. r : Swedi-h, A nl-erliiijor ; Italian. Hm-HrHi : Swinish, 



llni/iiK : I'ortimie.He, It'iia*. Until the 30th year of Q ih all 



ii kingdom were under the management of tli. 



High Admiral , but in that year (1594) the queen, by a wan-ant dated 1 Hh 

 of J une, granted to the corporation of the Trinity -house of Uc.pt ford- 



