477 



BUTYRIC ETHER. 



BUXTON WATERS. 



478 



When agitated in a flask with ammonia for some time, it decomposes 

 into alcohol, and butyramide. 



NH 3 = C 9 H 9 N0 2 + C,H 8 O a 



Butyrate 

 of ethyl. 



Butyramide. Alcohol. 



Butyramide crystallises in brilliant white pearly tables. It is 

 ammonia, in which 1 eq. of hydrogen is replaced by the radical butyryl 



NJH 



LC,H 7 0,. 



When butyric acid is heated for some time with glycerine, com- 

 bination takes place with elimination of water; according to the 

 circumstances of the experiment, three different compounds may be 

 formed, monobutyrinc, dibufyriiic, and Iriliutyrine. Their formation 

 may be thus expressed : 



2 HO = 



Butyric Acid. 

 ZCC.H.O.) 



Monobutyrinc. 



4 HO = C.jHjoO,, 



Dibutyrine. 



3(C,H 8 O,) 6 HO = 



Tributyrine. 



They are neutral oils of strong odour and pungent bitterish taste. 

 Probably tributyrine is that which is present in butter. 



When butyramide is treated with anhydrous phosphoric acid, it 

 loses 2 eq. of water, and is converted into butyronitrik or cyanide of 

 propyl. 



C.H.NO, 2 HO = C.H 7 C,N 



Hutyramidc. 



Butyronitrilo. 



This is an oily liquid, boiling at 247 Fahr. It is also found among 

 the products of oxidation of some organic substances. 



Chloride of luttjryl (C,H,0,C1), is prepared in an entirely analogous 

 manner to the corresponding acctyl compound, by the action of 

 oxychloride of phosphorus or butyrate of soda. 



3(C,H,Na0 4 -h PO,C1, = 3NaO, PO, + 3(C,H,O,C1) 



Oxychloride 

 of Phosphorus. 



It is a colourless, highly refracting liquid, heavier than water, and 

 fuming strongly in the air. It boils at 203 Fahr. It decomposes with 

 water into butyric acid, and hydrochloric acid. By ammonia it is 



f C* IT f\ ^ 

 I C,H,U,\ 



convsrted into butyramide ( N < H 1 and by analine in an analo- 



f C.H ; O a 

 gous manner into butyranilide C, H 13 NO, = N < C,.,Hj a substance 



which crystallises from alcohol in beautiful pearly lamina;. 



By the action of chloride of butyryl on butyrate of soda, anhydrous 



butyric acid | J?TT * ( 0) *" formed. It is a colourless mobile 



highly refracting liquid, of a peculiar pleasant odour, lighter than 

 water, by which it is slowly converted into hydrated butyric acid. 



Two compounds are known which have the composition of the 

 aldehyde of butyric acid. The one was obtained by Chancel among 

 the products of the destructive distillation of butyrate of lime. These 

 products may be separated by fractional distillation ; the most volatile 

 is bulyral, a liquid boiling at 203 Fahr. It has the composition oi 

 butyric aldehyde (C.H.O,), and many of the properties of an aide 

 hyde; by oxidation it is converted into butyric acid, it reduces 

 solutions of gold and silver, and combines with alkaline bisulphites 

 but it forms no definite compound with ammonia. 

 Rut>irahlehyde (C,H,0,H). The true butyric aldehyde, or hydride 

 of butyryl occurs among the products formed by the oxidation of 

 caseine, albumen, and gelatine. It differs, from its isomer butyral, in 

 ito boiling point, which is between 158 and 167 Fahr., and in 



forming a very well denned compound with ammonia ' N 'JJ* j- 



BiUyrone (C 14 H 14 1 ), the keystone of the butyric series, was also 

 obtained by Chevreul among the products of the destructive distillatioi 

 of butyrate of lime. It is homologous with acetone and propione, am 

 represents butyraldehyde in which 1 eq. of hydrogen is replaced b; 



propyl ( fiTj* f ) I* boils at 291 Fahr., and is oxidised by nitri 



acid to nitropropionic arid (C,,H t (N0 4 )0 4 ). 

 BUTYRIC ETHER. [BUTYRIC ACID.] 

 BUTYRIC FERMENTATION. [FERMENT.] 

 BUTYRIC GROUP. A family of organic compounds, belonging t< 



tie BUTYRIC SERIES of Gerhardt's system of classification. The most 

 mportant compounds belonging to this group are described under the 



ead of BUTYRIC ACID. 



BUTYRIC SERIES. This series of organic compounds contains a 

 number of bodies more or less closely related to one of the acids con- 

 ained in rancid butter, and to which the name of butyric acid has 



ieen given. The butyric series comprehends the following three 

 jroups : 



1. Propylic or Tritylic Group. 



2. Butyric Group. 



8. Pyrotartaric Group. 



BUTYRINE, a peculiar oleaginous matter, discovered by Chevreul, 

 n butter, in which it exists combined with oleine and stearine, and 

 a, very small quantity of butyric acid. In order to prepare it, butter 

 must be first separated from butter-milk by melting and pouring it off, 

 and the butter thus purified is to be allowed to cool very slowly in a 

 deep porcelain vessel, and then it is to be exposed for some days 

 ,o a temperature of 66 Fahr. ; by this treatment a large quantity of 

 itearine is separated, crystallised in small grains, and an oily compound 

 s obtained, which is to be carefully filtered, and then put into a glass 

 pessel with an equal weight of alcohol of specific gravity 0'796, and 

 cept at the temperature of 66. The mixture is to be frequently 

 shaken during 24 hours, and then the alcohol is to be poured off, and 

 ;he insoluble portion set aside. By carefully distilling the alcohol, an 

 oil rich in butyrine is left, but as it is slightly acid it is to be treated 

 with carbonate of magnesia : the butyrate of magnesia thus formed 

 being very soluble in water, is rapidly separated ; the remaining fatty 

 matter is then to be treated with alcohol, and this being distilled the 

 butyrine is left pure. 



The properties of butyrine are, that at 66 it is very fluid, 

 and it congeals at about 32. Its smell resembles that of heated 

 butter. It is generally yellowish, but this colour is not essen- 

 tial, for some kinds of butter yield it almost colourless. Its 

 specific gravity is 0'908 ; it is insoluble in water ; but alcohol of 

 specific gravity 0'822, when boiling, dissolves it in all proportions. 

 When two parts of butyrine are combined with ten parts of boiling 

 alcohol, the mixture on cooling becomes turbid ; but when twelve 

 parts of butyrine are similarly treated with the same quantity of 

 alcohol, the mixture remains transparent even after it has become cold. 

 During distillation the alcoholic solution becomes very slightly acid ; 

 and the residue contains traces of butyric acid. Butyrine readily 

 saponifies, and is then converted into glycerine, and butyric, caprie, 

 caproic, margaric, and oleic acids. 



The substance thus obtained from butter is obviously a mixture, 

 but the recent researches of Berthollet have shown that pure butyrine 

 may be prepared by passing a current of hydrochloric acid gas into a 

 mixture of butyric acid and glycerine ; according to the conditions of 

 the experiment, one or other of the following compounds is formed 

 [BUTYRIC ACID] : 



C 14 H 14 



Monobutyrine . . . 



Dibutyrine c n II <oio 



Tributyrine .... C 30 H 20 O l . ! 



BUTYRONE. [BUTYRIC ACID.] 



BUTYRONITRYL. [BUTYRIC ACID.] 



BUTYRUREIDE. [UREA.] 



BUTYRYL. [BUTYRIC ACID.] 



BUTYRYL, HYDRATED OXIDE OF. [BUTYRIC ACID.] 



BU'XINE, a vegetable alkaloid obtained from the box-tree (Buxui 

 sempeniirens). It is difficult to procure this substance colourless ; and 

 it has generally the appearance of a translucid deep brown-coloured 

 mass. Its taste is bitter, it excites sneezing, and is insoluble in water, 

 but is dissolved in small quantity by alcohol and ether. It acts as 

 other alkalies on reddened litmus paper, and forms neutral salts with 

 the acids, which are more bitter than the base itself ; and the solutions 

 give gelatinous white precipitates with potash. Sulphate of buxine 

 crystallises confusedly. This alkaloid is contained in every part of the 

 box-tree, and the bark gives nearly one per cent, of it. 



BUXTON WATERS. The waters of Buxton belong to the northern 

 or Derbyshire thermal springs, which have a lower temperature than 

 those of the southern or Gloucestershire and Somersetshire group, 

 except Bristol. They are of the calcareous class of mineral waters, and 

 rise in a valley situated on the west edge of the great limestone range, 

 which extends through the county of Derby from Castleton south- 

 wards, comprising what is termed the Peak Forest. The surface of 

 this district is occupied, according to Farey, by the outcrop of four 

 strata of limestone and three beds of amygdaloid or toadstoue, inter- 

 posed between the limestone strata ; but it should be observed that 

 this division of the limestone by regular beds of toadstone has been 

 stoutly denied, and at present is not generally received. Above the 

 upper stratum of limestone is, a coarse sandstone or millstone grit, 

 considered by many as the inferior bed of the coal formation, which 

 occupies the whole country E. and N. of this district. Buxton is 

 immediately to the S. of the outgoing of the lowest stratum of lime- 

 stone. The limestone, which is of a whitish or yellowish colour, is full 

 of encrinites, madrepores, and other organic remains. The direction 

 of the strata is generally N. and S. A remarkable fault is observed in 

 the valley of the Derwent, at Matlook ; the upper bed of limestone on 



