BUXTON WATERS. 



Uw W. ode of UM vaUer is brought down below the MOOD* bed on 

 the EL. wxl the upper bed of loadstone on the ooe side is newly on the 

 mioe Icvrl with the second bed on the other. The fault U (aid to 

 extend N. a* far as Ruxton, where it takes a N.W. direction t- 

 North Bradwell, and Urminatea at Litton new TideweU ; but both 

 the direction and extant of thi. fault hare been much deputed. It in 

 in the coune of this fault that the thermal springs of Buxton and 

 Matlock are found. That of Buxton possesws the higher tempenture, 

 namely. 82* Fahr., which nerer varies at any hour of the day or season 

 of the year. Thii water ha* been long celebrated for iU medicinal 

 virtue* It U more remarkable for the nature of Hs gawoua impreg- 

 nation* than for the quantity or nature of ita saline ingredients. 



" The following analysis give* the amount and nature of the solid 

 ingredienU in one imperial gallon of the water, at 60* : 



Grata*. 



Oxide of iron and alumina . 



Carbooale of lime .... 



Mphato of lim . 



CarbouU of mafsetia . 



CUoridsofaasMalam 



Chlorid* of (odium .... 



Cklorid. of pouatlnm .... 



Floorin* (a* fluoride of calcium) 



l'ho> photic add (u phosphate of lime). 



U 171 



On examining the water, there were found present carbonic acid and 

 nitrogen, in addition to the solid ingredienU. One gallon of the water 

 was found to contain altogether 13-164 grains of carbonic acid ; but of 

 thii quantity, 762 grains were due to the carbonates of lime and 

 magnesia, and therefore only 7'402 grains could be considered free. 

 The carbonates of lime and magnesia are present as bicarbonates, or as 

 carbonates dissolved in carbonic acid, and 5762 grains of carbonic 

 acid would require to be added for this purpose. Hence, of the 7 '402 

 grains, or 15-66 cubic inches, of gaseous carbonic acid in the water, 

 only 1-640 grain, or 3-47 cubic inches, can be considered free and 

 uncombined. The nitrogen in the water could only be present in 

 solution, and not in combination. The gas therefore consists entirely 

 of carbonic acid and nitrogen, with a trace of oxygen accidentally 

 present It is assumed that at the moment of issue, the water is 

 charged with 20-6 inches of nitrogen, and 15'66 inches of carbonic acid." 

 (Dr. Lyon Playfair, in Dr. Win. Henry Robertson's ' Handbook to the 

 Peak of Derbyshire,' London, 1854, Bradbury ft Evans.) 



Owing to the quantity of calcareous matter, the water is hard. It 

 sparkle* a little when first received at the fount. It is exceedingly 

 clear, and does not become turbid by long exposure to the air. Over 

 the bath a stratum of vapour hovers, which is more or less dense 

 according to the state of the weather and the degree of attention paid 

 to the ventilation of the apartment. The chalybeate spring contains 

 about half a grain of carbonate of iron in each gallon, and is a soft 

 water. 



The waters issuing from the warm spring are employed both inter- 

 nally and externally. A course of the water internally is generally 

 taken at the same time as the baths are used ; but in some habits of 

 body the one mode only is admissible. Persons of the sanguineous 

 temperament, especially if plethoric, can rarely take the waters inter- 

 nally, without at least previously undergoing some preparatory treat- 

 ment, either venesection, cupping, or the use of purgative medicines. 

 During all acute inflammatory diseases they must be avoided ; and 

 though very beneficial to persons subject to gout and rheumatism, the 

 waters must not be employed either when an attack of the disease is 

 approaching, or while much pain of the joints remains when the disease 

 is receding. Persons in whom the digestive organs are feeble, either 

 naturally or from the effects of what is termed good tiring, derive, in 

 general, much benefit from the internal use of these waters. In most 

 case* they should be Uken early in the morning, after the bath, if these 

 two modes be employed simultaneously. The quantity to be used 

 should not at first exceed half a pint, taken in two equal portions, 

 a quarter of an hour (during which the invalid will walk along the 

 terrace when practicable) being allowed to intervene between the two 

 glasses. About noon the same quantity should be again taken, observing 

 similar rules. Some patients are however obliged to restrict themselves 

 to iU use during the forenoon, omitting the morning dose. No one 

 bould exceed a pint and a half in the course of each day. 



The chalybeate water i sometimes used at the same time, and it is 

 aid that a mixture of the two forms a purgative draught Upon the 

 propriety of using the chalybeate at any period during his stay, the 

 invalid must consult his medical adviser on the spot U ought never 

 to be used as a common drink, more particularly by persons of a 

 plethoric habit of body. 



The warm baths may be employed even by the most delicate persons, 

 provided bathing in any form be proper. At first the stay in the bath 

 bould not exceed one minute, as the plunge is the most beneficial part 

 of the procem. The time may be gradually extended, but should 

 never exceed fifteen minute*. Where a general bath cannot be borne 

 rheumatic patients, pumping the water upon the affected 

 joint. U frequently highly efflcaciousln reducing the swelling and 



restoring flexibility. During the use of the baths no mercurial medicines 

 of any kind should be taken, unless under the direction of a competent 

 medical adviser on the spot. 



( Farey 's Dtrbytkirt ; Qairdner on Mineral Sjirijt ; Denman, Saunders, 

 Scudamore.) 



BYLAW. Bylaws are the private regulations of a society or cor- 

 poration, agreed upon by the major part of its members, for purposes 

 of self-government, or for more conveniently carrying into effect the 

 object of its institution. 



It is not every voluntary association to which the law of England 

 gives the power of binding dissentient members by the enactments of 

 the majority. Immemorial custom or prescription, or legal incorpo- 

 ration by the crown, or by or under the provisions of a statute, in 

 necessary to confer this power of local or private legislation ; and even 

 in those cases the Courts of law exercise the right of discussing the 

 validity or policy of the bylaw, and of establishing its legality or 

 declaring it to be void. In order to stand this test it must be reason- 

 able and agreeable to the general policy of the law of England, and 

 must not attempt to bind strangers unconnected with the society, or to 

 impose a pecuniary charge without a fair equivalent, or to create a 

 monopoly, or to subject the freedom of trade to undue restraint The 

 general object of a bylaw is thus rather to regulate existing rights than 

 to introduce new ones or to extinguish or restrain the old. And where 

 authority to make such regulations is conferred by charter or statute, 

 the powers to do so must be strictly followed in making it, or the 

 bylaw itself will be void. 



The power of making bylaws is not absolutely confined to corporate 

 bodies. It is in some instances lawfully exercised by a class of persons 

 having no strict corporate character. Thus the tenants of a manor, 

 the jury of ucourt-lect, the inns of court, the inhabitants of a town, or 

 other district, sometimes enjoy a limited legislative power of this kind, 

 by special custom or common usage. But in general the powi r is 

 exercised only by incorporated bodies, and in such bodies the power is 

 inherent of common right without any specific provision for that 

 purpose in the charter of their incorporation. The expediency of this 

 power is BO obvious that we cannot be surprised at meeting with proofs 

 of its existence in all countries and at a very early date. The Roman 

 code recognised a right among the confraternity of its corporations to 

 bind one another by similar engagements, as long as they were not at 

 variance with the public law (' Dig.,' lib. xlvii. tit. 22), and professes to 

 borrow this provision from the still more ancient code of Solon. 



Our own term bylaw is of Saxon origin, and is formed by prefixing to 

 the word law another word by or bye, which means kuiute or f-icvi. 

 Hence its primary import is town-laws, and in this form and with this 

 meaning it is said to be found among the ancient Goths, the Swedes, 

 the Danes, and other nations of Teutonic descent (Cowel, voc. ' Bilaws ;' 

 Spelman on ' Feuds,' chap, ii., and the Glossaries under the head 

 ' Bilago,' or ' Bellago.') 



The birlatrt and btrfaw courti of Scotland, mentioned by some of tho 

 jurists of that country, are said to present some analogies to our 

 bylaws, and may perhaps be referred to the same origin. 



The statutes regulating municipal corporations give to the town 

 councils a power of making bylaws for the good rule and government 

 of the boroughs, and for the suppression of various nuisances ; and of 

 enforcing tho observance of them by fines limited to 51. The local 

 boards of health, the trustees of turnpike-roads in public matters, 

 railway, canal, and dock companies within their own limits, have also 

 limited powers of making bylaws enforceable by penalties. Some joint- 

 stock companies possess analogous authority for the proper carrying 

 on their own business, and the regulation of their own affairs. 



BYSSUS (0iWos). It has been a subject of some dispute whether 

 the byssus of the ancients was cotton or linen : but recent investiga- 

 tions have determined that it is linen, and not cotton ; at least so far 

 as the term has been applied by Greek and Roman writers to mummy- 

 cloth. Herodotus states, that the Egyptians wrapped their dead in the 

 cloth of the byssus ; and it has been shown by microscopic observa- 

 tions, that every specimen of mummy-cloth yet examined is made of 

 linen fibre. The name byssus came probably from the Phoenicians, 

 and may be derived from y)2 but*. (Buxtorf s ' Lexicon.') It is 

 possible that writers later than the time of Herodotus may sometimes 

 have applied the term indifferently either to cotton or linen cloth. 

 Cotton was known in the time of Herodotus (B.C. 484 408), who calls 

 it tree-wool (ttpioriwov iwi (i<Aoi/) : but there is no evidence to prove 

 that it was then cultivated in Egypt, or in any other country except 

 India; or that it was in common use in Egypt. His remarks, so far 

 as they go, seem to imply that the commodity was a rarity. (' Library 

 of Entertaining Knowledge;' ' Egyptian Antiquities,' cap. v., voL ii., 



1 BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE is that style of ecclesiastical 

 architecture which originated in Byzantium (Constantinople), and was 

 employed throughout the middle ages by the architects of the Greek 

 church. Before the separation of the Eastern from the Western em ] ii n , 

 architecture had fallen into a very debased condition. But in Roman 

 architecture, even in iU lowest state of declension, there existed the 

 germs of new and noble forms. As was said undi r Am IIITECTURE, all 

 true architecture has been the result of a modification or adaptation 

 of some previous system to present circumstances aixl requirement*. 

 When, therefore, the growth of the Christian Church called for build- 



