199 



CABIN". 



CACODYL. 



490 



intended." In a wider sense, however, the Cabbala ia used for the 

 whole secret or esoteric philosophy of the Jewish doctors a subject of 

 great extent and intricacy, upon which voluminous works have been 

 produced, both by Rabbinical and Christian writers. The most cele- 

 brated collection of the Rabbinical writings on the Cabbala is the work 

 entitled ' K.ibbala Denudata, seu Doctrina Hebrscorum Transcenden- 

 talia,' &c., 3 vols. 4to. Sulzbach, 1676, and Frankfort, 1684. The editor 

 of this work, which is a very rare book, the third volume in particular, 

 is believed to be Christianus Knorrius a Rosenroth. Lists of the 

 Rabbinical treatises on the Cabbala may be found in Wolf's ' Bibliotheca 

 Hebraea," and in the ' Bibliotheca ' Magna ' Rabbinica ' of Bartoloccius 

 and Imbonatus. Of the Christian writers on the Cabbala, the most 

 famous are Picus of Mirandola, the younger Van Helmont, and his 

 friend Dr. Henry More, the learned and eloquent English Platonist who, 

 in his ' Conjectura Cabbalistica,* ia earnest in its defence. Mosheim, 

 on the contrary, says it was the doctrines of Greek paganism accommo- 

 dated to the Jewish religion ; that it was fruitful of errors, destructive 

 of the very foundation of Judaism, that it produced many of the 

 Gnostic heresies, and that it taught that the dominion of the supreme 

 God was to be destroyed by the expected Messiah. There is a valuable 

 article on the Cabbala by the Abbe" Mallet, in the great French ' Ency- 

 clopeclie.' A short popular account of this philosophy is given by the 

 Marquis le Gendre in the 7th chapter of the third book of his ' Traitc" 

 de 1'Opinion.' The celebrated work of the Abbe" de Villars, entitled 

 ' Le Comte de Gabalis,' from which Pope avows that he took the 

 machinery of sylphs and gnomes in his ' Rape of the Lock,' is a satire 

 upon the mystical absurdities of the Jewish Cabbala. Bayle has noticed 

 that the substance of this work is contained in the first two of ten 

 letters attributed to the charlatan Joseph Francis Borri, and published 

 at Geneva in 1681, under the title of his ' Chiave del Gabinetto ' (Key 

 of the Cabinet). [Art. 'Borri' note G.] Although the letters in 

 question are dated at Copenhagen in 1666, there can be little doubt 

 that they were stolen from the work of the Abbe" de Villars, which was 

 i'rinted in 1670. 



CABIN, a term applied to the inclosed portions of a ship, in which 

 her officers or passengers reside. A careful arrangement of cabins in 

 Her Majesty's navy contributes much to the comfort and health of the 

 occupants ; while in the merchant service a judicious division of space 

 in passenger ships finds special favour with the public. In large vessels 

 of war the admiral's and captain's cabins extend across the ship near 

 her stern, and they are usually divided into two, termed the fore and 

 after cabins ; the latter are considered more strictly private, while the 

 former are used for dinner, for the reception of strangers, and other 

 purposes. The cabins of the senior commissioned officers are generally 

 upon the main deck; and each receives light and ventilation from a 

 port, commonly having a heavy gun thereat ; such cabins being at 

 each side of the great " mess-cabin " or " ward-room," while the cabins 

 of the others and " gun-room " officers are placed along each side of 

 the lower or orlop-deck, near the water level, and are only partially 

 lighted from a scuttle or stout glass bull's-eye in the ship's side. It is to 

 the space between these cabins (called the " cockpit ") that in battle 

 the wounded are conveyed for medical help. The mesa-cabin called 

 the " gun-room " is usually on the deck below the ward-room. 



In frigates the captain's cabin is on the main-deck, and the gun-room, 

 or after part of the lower deck, is given to the officers ; but in two- 

 decked line-of -battle ships, the captain takes the cabin under the poop, 

 and the officers the great cabin on the upper gun-deck. In three- 

 deckers the ward-room is appropriated to the admiral, and the officers 

 take the corresponding one on the middle gun-deck. The partitions 

 by which all these cabins are enclosed are called bulk-heads, and are 

 composed of light panelled frames, which are instantly removable when 

 the decks are ordered to be cleared for action. In the merchant service 

 totally different and greatly diversified arrangements exist. In Large 

 passenger-ships, a spacious and often grand saloon, fitted with taste and 

 expense, offers to the voyager, in its luxurious couches, sofas, &c., the, 

 personal comforts of a drawing-room ; while the gorgeous gildings and 

 mouldings, and the various artifices and devices of the " decorator," are 

 calculated to remind the traveller of the elegance of hia home, even be 

 that home a palace. 



CABI'RI (Kofltlpoi), ancient Pelasgian divinities, belonging to a 

 system of elementary religion, which, in the later ages of Greece, was 

 connected with the celebration of mysterious rites in the island of 

 lirace. According to Strabo (p. 472), who quotes Stesimbrotus, 

 they derived their name from Mount Cabeirus in Berecynthia. They 

 were apparently the came as the Corybantcs, &c. (Strabo, pp. 466, 472 ; 

 Mm/, nn Aristoph. ' Pac.' 277), and their worship was most cultivated 

 in Samothrace, Lemnos, Imbros, and certain towns of Troas. (Strabo, 

 p. 473.) Their names were mystical, and are given by Mnaseas. 

 /!>/. Apoll. Rh. i. 917.) Camilus, Cumilus or Cadmilus, waa the son 

 of Hephaestus and Cabeira, and his children were the three Cabeiri, 

 from whom came the nymphs Cabeiradea (Acusilaus, ap. Strab. p. 472). 

 Camilus is stated to have been the same as Hermes, and the three 

 Cabeiri mentioned by Mnaweas, Axieres, Axioccrsa, and Axiocersus, are 

 said to correspond to Ceres, Proserpine, and Pluto, respectively. It 

 seems more probable, howeve, that Camilus represented the generative 

 principle (Ilrmd. ii. 51), and that the three Cabuiri were personifications 

 of [,<>ve, the male and the female, the first part of each name being the 

 epithet 4o (worthy), which is very frequently applied to gods, anil 



the remaining parts, Eros, Kersoa, and Kersa, having the significations 

 which we have assigned to them. (xtparis, ydfims, Hesych.) Of the 

 rites themselves very little ia known. They appear to have been solem- 

 niaed annually, and to have lasted nine days. Samothrace was the 

 principal seat of the worship ; but caberia, as the rites were called, 

 appear to have been held at Samnoa and Imbros, though some ancient 

 writers asaert that the rites in theae places differed from those at 

 Samothrace. All who took part in these underwent purification prior 

 to admission, and they were strictly prohibited from divulging what 

 they witneased. The reader who is desirous of investigating this 

 ancient religion may consult Creuzer's ' Symbolik' (ii. p. 318) ; Midler's 

 ' Orchom." (p. 450) ; Welcker's ' Trilogie ; ' Lobeck's ' Aglaoph.' (lib. iii. 

 c. 6) ; Haupt's ' Religione Cabiriaca ; ' and Schilling's ' Treatise on the 

 Samothracian Mysteries.' The images of the Cabiri were pigmy 

 statues, of which there are specimens among the terra-cottas of the 

 British Museum (Combe, no. 42). As the son of Vulcan, Cabeirus or 

 Cadmilus is represented with a hammer in his hand. (Winckelmann, 

 ii. p. 507.) 



CABLE. [GROUND TACKLE.] 



CABLE, CHAIN. [GROUND TACKLE.] 



CABRIOLETS, PUBLIC. [STAKE CARRIAGES.] 



CACAO, or, as it ia commonly called, Cocoa, is the bruised seeds of 

 the T/ievbroma cacao, a tree belonging to the natural order Sterculiacete. 

 The seeds are oval, about as large as an olive, obtuse at each end, com- 

 pressed, and covered with a violet or ash-gray skin, which encloses two 

 irregularly-cut and plaited cotyledons, of a fatty nature, and of a 

 brownish-black or violet colour. The properties of these seeds are 

 owing to the presence of a fixed concrete oil and an agreeable aromatic 

 principle. Simply bruised they constitute the cocoa of the shops ; 

 reduced to a paste, mixed with sugar, and flavoured witli vanilla, 

 they become chocolate. [CHOCOLATE.] They are imported from 

 several of the West India islands, from Caracas, from Guayaquil, from 

 Brazil, in all which places the tree grows wild, or ia cultivated for the 

 sake of ita seeds. For a description of the tree and its mode of 

 culture see THEOBROMA, in NAT. HIST. Div. 



The quantities of cacao imported into and consumed in this country 

 in the years 1857 and 1858, were - 



1857 

 1858 



Imported. Consumed. ' 



7,343,458 Ibs. 3,762,594 Ibs. 

 7,256,520 2,777,194 



CACHET, LETTRES DE, were letters proceeding from and signed 

 by the kings of France, and counteraigned by a aecretary of atate. 

 They were called also " lettres closes, or " sealed letters," to distinguish 

 them from the " lettres patentes " sealed by the great aeal. Lettres de 

 cachet were rarely employed to deprive men of their personal liberty 

 before the 17th century. They were previously made use of occa- 

 sionally as a means of delaying the course of justice ; but during the 

 reign of Louis XIV. they were obtained by any person who had 

 sufficient influence with the king or hia ministers, and persons were 

 imprisoned for life, or for a long period, on the most frivolous pretexts, 

 for the gratification of private pique or revenge. The terms of a lettre 

 de cachet were as follows : " M. le Marquis de Launay, je vous fais 

 cette lettre pour vous dire de recevoir dans mon chateau de la 

 Bastille le Sieur , et de 1'y retenir jusqu'a nouvel ordre de ma 

 part. Sur ce, je prie Dieu qu'il vous ait, M. le Marquis de Launay, en 

 sa salute garde." These letters, giving power over personal liberty, 

 were openly sold in the reign of Louis X V. by the mistress of one of 

 the ministers. The lettres de cachet were also granted by the king for 

 the purpose of shielding his favourites or their friends from the con- 

 sequencea of their Crimea; and were thua aa pernicious in their 

 operation aa the protection afforded by the Church to criminals in a 

 former age. Their necessity was strongly maintained by the great 

 families, as they were by them enabled to remove such of their con- 

 nexions as had acted in a manner which was thought to bring discredit 

 on the family. During the contentions of the Mirabeau family, fifty- 

 nine lettres de cachet were isaued on the demand of one or other of its 

 members. The independent members of the parliaments and of the 

 magistracy were proscribed and punished by means of these warrants. 

 This monstrous evil waa swept away at the Revolution, after Louis 

 XVI. had in vain endeavoured to remedy it. 



CACHOUTANNIC ACID. [TANNIC ACIDS.] 



CACIQUE, a Mexican word which signifies "lord" or "master." 

 It was generally adopted by Spanish writers to signify the chiefs, 

 governors, or principal personages of those American tribes with whom 

 the Spaniards became acquainted by their conquests in the New 

 World. (Prescott, ' Conquest of Mexico ;' and ' Conquest of Peru.' 



CACODYL (C.,H Aa = Kd), an excesaively poiaonous org.iuo-metallic 

 body, containing arsenic. It is best prepared from its chloride in the 

 following manner : Digest slips of nine in chloride of oaoodyl for three 

 hours, in a glasa bulb blown upon a glass tube previously filled with car- 

 bonic acid gas. The zinc dissolves without the evolution of any gas ; 

 when the residual white saline mass is treated with water, the chloride 

 of zinc dissolves, and a heavy oily liquid separates, which ia cacodyl, 

 and is rendered pure by cautious distillation from a fresh portion 

 of zinc. 



Its properties are : It is a thin, transparent, colourless liquid, 

 much resembling arseuiuretted hydrogen in odour, and is so very 



