i CALICO-PRIXTWO. 



conducted print-works, designers ere well pud to produce novel and 

 beautiful pattern*. Then there U the engraving department, where 

 the doagn* are transferred to wood block*. rn.-Ul plate*, or metal 

 cylinder*, according to the kind of work to be done. Out of a hundred 

 design* made on paper there may be eighty rejected a* inappropriate ; 

 and out of the remaining twenty engraved, there may not be more 

 than two or three which posse** the double excellence of being prac- 

 ticable to work and attractive in their tasteful appearance. Under any 

 circumstance*, the expense of theae drawing* and engraving* U enor- 

 mou* ; but on the other hand, a thoroughly successful pattern some- 

 time* prom a fortune to it* owner*. Among the other department* 

 of *ueh establishment* i* the " cloth room," where the calico or muslin 

 1* thoroughly examined before printing; the " block-printing rooms" 

 and " cyunder-printing room*," in which processes are carried on 

 indicated by thoee name* ; mangling-rooius, starching rooms, drying- 

 roonw, examining-rooms, packing-room*, 4c. ; liesidee all the engineer- 

 ing workshops and apparatus necessary for the daily repair of a 

 large assemblage of machinery. Some of the cylinder-machines will 

 print calico at the rate of a milt am koitr each; and it is in this 

 way that the productive powers of such establishments become BO 



We shall now briefly notice the legislative arrangements relating to 

 the management of print-works. 



When the first " Factories' Act" passed, limiting and contracting the 

 power of employing children in factories, many members of both 

 House* of Parliament wished its provisions to apply to calico print- 

 works, a* well as to spinning and weaving mills ; but this was not 

 acceded to. The subject was, however, afterwards taken up with great 

 i ; and in 1845 Lord Ashley (the present Earl of Shaftes- 



bury) brought in a Bill for extending the Factories' Act to print-works, 

 with certain modifications depending on the exigencies of the trade. 

 Commissioners, appointed in 1840 to investigate this and collateral 

 matter*, said in their report, in reference to print-works : " In Lanca- 

 shire, Cheshire, and Derbyshire, instances occur in which children 

 begin work in this employment at as early as between four and live, 

 and several between five and six inclusive ; many begin between six 

 and seven, and the great majority between eight and nine. Out of 

 665 children taken indiscriminately from returns obtained for each 

 action of this district, it appears that one child began work between 

 four and five ; 3 between five and six ; 68 between six and seven ; 

 133 between seven and eight; 156 between eight and nine; 127 

 between nine and ten; 49 between ten and eleven ; 26 between el, \, n 

 and twelve; and 2 between twelve and tliirtcen. In the east of .Scot- 

 land children commence work at the same early ages." The Commis- 

 sioners moreover found that these children worked in rooms at a 

 temperature varying from 65 to 110 Fahr., the latter being some- 

 times the degree of heat in the stove-rooms, where the goods are placed 

 to dry. Some of the children occasionally fainted under the influence 

 of this tremendous heat ; those engaged near the dash-wheels had their 

 feet and dresses saturated with wet. The hours of labour, too, were 

 very great for such young persons ; nominally, they were twelve per 

 day, but really they averaged fourteen or fifteen ; and in busy times 

 there was scarcely any other limit than that which human strength 

 could bear. Health was affected ; education was neglected ; morals 

 deteriorated. Basing his reasonings on the facts stated in this report 

 and on subsequent inquiries, Lord Ashley drew up his Bill. Sir James 

 Graham, on the part of the Government, without opposing the measure, 

 pointed out the necessity of caution in dealing with such a subject, 

 lest, in protecting the children, we should paralyse the trade itself. 

 }lt urged, that the work of children is absolutely necessary ; that 

 print-works are not, in general, unhealthy places ; and that, as there 

 are periods of great demand alternating with very slack seasons in that 

 trade, any fixed arrangement of hours might be disastrous. Nearly 

 children were supposed to be employed in the print-works of 

 the United Kingdom ; and it became, therefore, a grave question how 

 far, and in what way, to interfere in this peculiar department of 

 industry. Between the periods of the first and second reading of 

 the Bill, Sir James Graham, a* Home Secretary, caused all the inspec- 

 tors of factories to examine the Bill with the light of their own per- 

 sonal experience, and to attend to such objections as the master- 

 printers might urge against it. The result of these inquiries was, to 

 induce the Government to assent to the Bill in a modified form. Lord 

 Ashley had proposed that its provision* should apply to bleach- works, 

 dye-works, and calendering works, as well as to print-works ; but Sir 

 James Graham would only agree to the last-named application. He 

 agreed t-i prohibit the employment of children under a certain s|-cilicd 

 age, and to prohibit night-work by children; but in neither direction 

 would be go so far a* the I'.ill pro|>oMd. Lord Ashley was very 

 unwilling to modify his measure; but he accepted the Government 

 ofcr as a means of securing the passing of a Bill, which would at any 

 rale be a movement in the wisbed-for direction, and which would not 

 preclude further measures of a similar kind in subsequent sessions. 

 Receiving certain amendment*, in both house*, it passed into law, and 

 became tbe Act, 8 * 9 Viet. c. 29. 



c K UIM HUlute we give a brief outline. The Act came into opora- 

 tioaon Uw 1st of January, 1848. To define the terms used, " child " 

 isdectared to mean a person under thirteen year* of age; ' 

 person," between thirteen and sixteen; "a day," from six in the 



CALMS. at 



morning till ten in the evening ; " night," from ten in the evening till 

 six in the morning. The inspectors of factories to be inspector* of 

 print-works under this Act. Inspector* empowered to enter any print 

 work, and examine into all matter* connected with the emph.yni.-iit of 

 children and young persons therein. No children or young iiersons to 

 be employed without a certificate from a surgeon, countersigned by a 

 magistrate. No child to be employed under eight year* of age^md no 

 child or young jterson at night. A certain amount of schooling pre- 

 scribed for every child and young person, and the schoolmaster to be 

 controlled in certain matters by the inspectors. A good clock, a 

 register of attendance, a copy of the Act, and a set of printed rule*, to 

 be kept in each print-work. Finally, the Statute laid down ttfe requi- 

 site means for enforcing obedience to it* provisions. 



Calico print- works have ever since remained under the influence of 

 this Statute, subject to only minor alterations. It has been shown, 

 under BLEACHING, that bleach and dye-works have not yet been 

 brought under the regulations which apply to cotton-mills and print- 

 works, although many attempts have been made in that direction. 



Concerning the extent of the trade in printed calicoes ami n; 

 very little of a precise kind can now be stated; for the lion, 

 sumption is not interfered with, or registered by, any legislative 

 ment. Something on this subject will be found under COTTON TRADE 

 AND CONSUMPTION. In the present place we will merely state the 

 quantity of printed and dyed calicoes exported within the hist few 

 years. This does not mark the full extent of the export trad. 

 there is another (but very small) entry, under the confused heading of 

 "( 'ambries and muslins, plain and printed or dyed," in the Board of 

 Trade tables; this entry is so small in amount that we may dis- 

 regard it. 



1849 . . . . 530 millions of yards. 



1860 676 



1851 . . . .669 



1852 664 



1863 . . . .661 



1854 684 



1855 . . . .687 



1866 803 



1857 . . . .808 



1858 786 



The quantities are hero given in round numbers, sufficiently near for 

 the purpose. The marked extension of the trade in the lust three 

 years will not fail to be observed. 



CA'I.ll'H. CA'LIPHAT. Caliph, pro^i-ly Klxilrrfek, is an Arabic 

 word, which primarily denotes a successor or vicar, and was at first given 

 to the sovereigns of the Muslim Arabs, as signifying successor to the 

 Prophet; but is generally used in a more limited sense, as the title of 

 certain dynasties of Mohammedan sovereigns. It was first adopted l>y 

 Abu Bekr, the immediate successor of Mohammed, and. together \\ itli 

 Emtr-al-MAmrntu, "the commander of the faithful," continued for 

 several centuries to be the title of the principal line of Mohammedan 

 sovereigns. The word Caliphat (Arabic, Kkaletfal) is used both as a 

 general designation of the line of sovereigns called caliphs, and, in a 

 geographical sense, for the extent of countries subject to their .!. 

 minion. The principal of these caliphate were Spain, Africa, Egypt, and 

 Bagd ..I 



CALIPPIC PERIOD. [CALIPPCS, in Bioo. Drv.] 



CALUol'K. I.MI-SES.] 



CALLIPERS. [COMPASSES.] 



CALLUTANNIC ACID. [TANNIC ACIDS.] 



CALMS (at sea) occur at certain seasons in every part of the ocean, 

 except perhaps the parts near the poles ; but they seem to increase in 

 frequency and duration as we approach the equator, and in the imme- 

 diate vicinity of the equator there is an immense extent of sea, in 

 which they are so prevalent that it has been called the rtgim of 

 The calms, however, do not always occupy the same portion of the ocean, 

 but they vary according to the position of the sun. When the sun is in 

 the northern hemisphere, they are sometimes found to extend as far as 

 15 N. lit., and then the S.-K trade-wind |asses four or five, or even six 

 degrees to the N. of the equator. When the sun is in the southem 

 hemisphere, the calms also occur to the N. of the equator, but they 

 come very near to it and sometimes reach it, whilst their northern 

 l.oi-der extends to 60 or 70 N. lat. Thus it appears that this region 

 of calms does not extend on both sides of the equator, but is entirely in 

 the N. 1 "i the circumstance that, on account 



of the unequal distribution of land and water in the two hemispheres, 

 the terrestrial equator is not the line of greatest heat In some 

 seasons the calms extend over eight or even nine degrees of latitude : 

 at others over a smaller space, and sometimes only over two and a half 

 or three degrees. The average breadth of the region of calms i - 

 six degrees. These remarks refer to the Atlantic Ocean. In the I 

 an e.|ii.it..ii.il belt of about five degrees in breadth, of such habitual 

 calm as to have given that name to the ocean itself, lies between >li, 

 north-eastern and south-eastern trade-winds. This is a belt of c< 

 precipitation of the aqueous constituent of the atmosphere. Captain 

 Wilkes, of the American Exploring Expedition, when he crossed it in 

 1838, found it to extend from 4 to 12 N. He was ten days in crossing 

 it ; and during those ten days rain fell to the depth of 6'15 inches, or at 



