537 



CAMP-SHEETING. 



CAMPANILE. 



638 



Beyond the tents of the Hastati on each side was another passage of 

 50 feet wide (o o G G), and then came the quarters of the allied cavalry, 

 and beyond these again, without any separating passage, the quarters 

 of the allied infantry, whose tents looked toward the ramparts of the 

 sides of the camp. The tents of the allies occupied a space of the same 

 length as that occupied by the legionary soldiers. The depth of their 

 quarters varied with the number of the men : our plan assigns to the 

 cavalry and infantry an equal depth, namely, of 200 feet each ; this 

 is probably near the truth. The quarters of the legionary soldiers and 

 the allies were alike divided into two parts by a passage 50 feet wide, 

 called rjuintana (H H), running across the camp in a direction parallel 

 to that of the Principia, between the fifth and sixth manipuli and 

 tunnse. 



The space on each side of the prsetorium was occupied, the one side 

 (K)by the qiuetor (whose office combined the direction of the commis- 

 sariat department and the care of the military chest) and the military 

 stores, and the other side (M) by the fwum, or place for holding a 

 market and transacting business. Next to these on each side were the 

 quarters (N y) of the chosen troops from the extraordinary cavalry of 

 the allies, who served in the consul's body-guard, and of the volunteers 

 (o o) who had engaged in the service from regard to the consul. The 

 tents of these looked towards the qucestur's quarters and the forum. 

 Beyond these on each side, with their tents fronting the rampart of 

 the camp, were the chosen troops (<} Q) from the ' extraordinary ' 

 infantry of the allies, who also formed part of the consul's body-guard. 

 Behind all these, right across the camp, ran a passage or street of 100 

 feet wide (p p) ; and beyond this passage, and parallel to it, were the 

 quarters of the main body of the 'extraordinary' cavalry of the allies 

 (R B) ; and behind these, looking towards the back of the camp, were the 

 quarters of the extraordinary foot of the allies (s s). The flanks of 

 these quarters (T T) were occupied by any foreigners or temporary 

 reinforcements of allied troops which might be in the camp. Polybius 

 does not assign any particular quarters to the vditet, or light armed men. " 



The space occupied by all these quarters formed a square, and on 

 every side was left an interval of 200 feet, which served for various 

 useful purposes, to deposit the booty, to afford space for the troops to 

 enter and leave their respective quarters, and to protect the tents and 

 troops from fire or weapons thrown by any who might assail the camp 

 from without. The whole was surrounded by a rampart (vallum) and 

 a ditch (fotm), through which were four gates or entrances : the Pne- 

 torian gate (Porte Pretoria), in front of the camp, opposite the fine- 

 torium ; the Decuman gate (Pvrta Decumana), at the back of the 

 camp ; and a gate at each end of the prineipia or principal street. 



If the two consular armies were united, the camp formed an oblong 

 square, and resembled two camps placed back to back, without any 

 intervening intrenchmeut. It appears to have had six gates, two 

 prsctoriau and four others, one at each end of the two principal streets 



The vallum was composed usually of earth or turf, sometimes of 

 stones or wood, and was surmounted by a palisade. The ditch was on 

 the outside. In stations which were designed to be permanent, and 

 which were in a disturbed or hostile country, the works were con- 

 structed with unusual care, and there are many remains or vestiges of 

 them in different parts of Great Britain. Among the most perfect are 

 those at Ardoch, in Scotland, and Llandrindod in Wales. 



The plan of a Roman camp, which we have given, is taken from 

 General Roy's' Military Antiquities of the Romans in Britain,' to 

 which, and to G. F. Rettig's ' Polybii Castrorurn Romanorum forma; 

 interpretatio,' we refer the reader for many valuable observations on 

 the castrametation of the Romans. 



CAMP-SHEETING. An enclosure at the foot of a wall or quay, 

 carried down to the water's edge, for the piirpose of limiting the 

 vertical compression of the ground. Camp-sheeting differs from sheet, 

 or close, piling in this respect, that although it is executed with 

 guide piles, wluili-*, ;uid sheeting, all its parts are essentially of small 

 dimensions. It is, in fact, a diminutive sheet piling, in which the total 

 length of the sheeting above and below ground does not exceed ten 

 feet. Sometimes the sheeting of this description of enclosure is laid 

 horizontally, and is spiked at the back of the guide piles which, under 

 these circumstances, are kept very close together. 



CAMPANI'LE, an Italian term, signifying a tower for bells. The 

 werd is derived from campana, " a bell." In many respects the cam- 

 panile corresponds with the belfry or steeple of the Gothic churches of 

 thr North ; but the term is usually and very conveniently confined to 

 the Italian bell-towers, which differ from those of the North in being 

 of equal dimensions from the base to the summit, constructed without 

 buttresses, ami for the most part terminated without a spire. 



The campanile is essentially an Italian structure. It has no proto- 

 type in classic architecture ; and, when copied even by Romanesque 

 architects beyond the Alps, it was with a difference. Usually, the 

 Italian campanile belongs to a church, if it does not form a part of one ; 

 but many, though attached to churches, are civic structures, as that of 

 St. Mark at Venice, and the well-known leaning tower at Pisa; while 

 others, like the Asinelli and Garisenda towers at Bologna, and that of 

 the town-hall, Florence, are entirely municipal in purpose. Very fre- 

 quently the campanile stands wholly detached from the church to which 

 it belongs, but more commonly it is attached to an angle of the building. 

 Originally the campanile was constructed with a plain solid base, 



pierced only with small windows for two-thirds of its height ; the upper 

 story or stories having one, two, or more, larger round-headed windows, 

 or an open loggia. Of this kind is the campanile of St. Mark, already 

 alluded to, which was begun in 992, and is one of the oldest campanili 

 left ; the heavy upper story is of more recent date. With the intro- 

 duction of the pointed arch, more of 

 lightness and ornament was imparted 

 to the upper part of these structures, 

 they were more distinctly divided into 

 stories, and they were crowned with 

 a cornice or surmounted with a spire ; 

 but the square form was retained, and 

 they remained uniform in size and 

 without buttresses. Sometimes the 

 spires were made octagonal at the base, 

 and much enriched in the lower part ; 

 but they seldom harmonise well with 

 the tower, and usually they are of no 

 great elevation, and not remarkable for 

 elegance of outline. Among the most 

 remarkable Italian campanili are those 

 of Cremona, Florence, Ravenna, Padua, 

 Modena, Mantua, Sienna, Bologna, 

 Pavia, Verona, and Pisa. 



Some of these campanili are much 

 out of the perpendicular, especially 

 those of Pisa and Bologna. The 

 Garisenda, built by the Garisendi, at 

 Bologna, is 153 feet high, and 8 feet 6 

 inches out of the perpendicular. Dante 

 has compared this tower to the in- 

 clined figure of Antams. (Dante, ' Inf." 

 canto xx xi. 1. 135.) The Asinelli 

 tower, also at Bologna, and close to 

 the former, is 320 feet high, and 

 3 feet 6 inches out of the perpendi- 

 cular. The leaning tower at Pisa is 

 150 feet high, and 13 feet out of the 

 perpendicular. The campanile of Cre- 

 mona is the highest in Italy, having an 

 elevation of 395 feet. 



The most remarkable, and in many 

 respects the finest of the Italian cam- 

 panili, is that of Florence, which is 

 269 feet high, and was constructed by 

 Giotto in 1324. The plan is a perfect 

 square, 45 feet on each side. The 

 interior is divided into six floors, each 

 of which is vaulted. The tower is 

 ascended by 406 steps. The facade of 

 the tower is Gothic in style, but mixed 

 with somewhat of the Italian taste in 

 architecture, which soon after prevailed 

 over the Gothic. In the cut, the win- 

 dow-shafts appear plain, but in reality 

 they are twisted ; and the whole facade 

 is covered with ornament. It is said 

 that Giotto intended to surmount this 

 tower with a spire 85 feet in height. 

 Tho surface is veneered with coloured 

 marble, which, though structurally ob- 

 jectionable, adds greatly to the rich- 

 ness of its appearance. Among trans- 

 alpine towers bearing a marked re- 

 semblance to those of Italy, one of 

 the most interesting is that of the 

 cathedral at Seville, which is 350 feet 

 high. It is said to have been begun 

 by Abu Yusuf Yacub, in 1196, famous 

 for other great architectural works, 

 and is therefore contemporaneous with 

 some of the most celebrated Italian 

 towers. This tower is called La 



QOOOOOOOO 





UVTIC10. A X11O HJWd l*S r.llK'l 1,1 I 1 



Giralda, or Girandillo, from a bronze ,-e= 



female figure bearing that name ; this 



figure, though it weighs a ton and a [CP<lc of the Cathedral a 



half, turns with the wind; it was cast ~ * e A lind bnllt 



in 1568, and replaced the four brazen 



balls which formed the original Moorish termination, but which were 



thrown down in 1395. (Gailhabaud ; Street ; I' Anson ; Fergusson.) 



Wren, in his church towers, without actually copying Italian cam- 

 panili, worked much in the spirit of their designers, and produced 

 picturesque structures. Within the last few years, campanili of 

 Italian form have been attached in this country to some churches and 

 chapels built in the Romanesque and pointed Italian styles ; and to 

 some Italian renaissance town-halls, corn-exchanges, &c. ; and they 

 seem to form a favourite type with architects and civil engineers in 

 constructing chimney-shafts. (See Kawlinson on ' Chimney-Shafts.') 



