



CANTHAUIS OFFICIXAI.IS. 



Lord Stowell, -a work of great authority in determining church 

 mattsti. whatever be its correctness in matters of Uw." (liuu-h.nn r. 

 I Haggard's Consis. Rep. 178.) In 1603, another effort, 

 1 with more mooes*, was made to draw up a form of canons. 



Jam** L empowered by letter* patent, directed to the Bishop of 

 London (in consequence of the death of the Archbishop of Canterbury, 

 and his successor nut being then appointed), the Bishop and clergy of 

 the province of Canterbury, to agree in convocation upon such canons, 

 Ac., as they should. think "necessary, fit and convenient, for the 

 honour sad service of Almighty God, the good and quiet of the church, 

 and the better government thereof." The result was the canons of 

 1003, to which the king gave his royal assent " according to the form 

 of a certain statute made on that behalf in the 25th year of King 

 Henry VIII., and by our said Royal and Supreme authority in cause* 

 tmMoitiml, to ratify by our letters patent under our Great Seal of 

 a 1 "" 1 , and to confirm the some." These canons contain for the, 

 most part, save where modified or aided by statute, the ecclesiastical 

 Uw of England ; but not having received the sanction of parliament they 

 do not bind the laity, but having received the sanction of the Sove- 

 reign, the clergy are amenable to them. (Lord Hardwicke in Middleton 

 r. Croft, Strange'* Rep. 1056). In 1640, the Archbishop of Canterbury 

 (Land) produced, to the convocation assembled in St. Paul's, a commis- 

 sion under the Great Seal to enable the two house* to agree upon the 

 explanation or alteration of any canon then in force, or to make such 

 new ones as should be thought convenient for the government of the 

 church. A form of canons was accordingly drawn up and approved by 

 the Privy Council and judge*, and adopted by the province of York, 

 but they have not been received a* superseding or affecting the canons 

 of 1603. It may be added that the canons of 1603 were framed in 

 Latin, and that the English translation is in some parte not strictly 

 accurate (for example, the 100th). It is somewhat difficult to state 

 with accuracy in what the canon law of England is at this day 

 comprised. 



The statute of Henry VIII. admit* those canons (albeit of the 

 Hinijli church) which previous to the passing of that Act hod been 

 received and adopted either by the consent of parliament or from imme- 

 morial utagt and ciatoau. Ecclesiastical authorities have received our 

 own domestic canons, chiefly to be found in Lepidwood's ' Provinciale,' 

 and Gibson's ' Codex.' The canon* of 1608 stand alone in weight and 

 authority, but they affect the clergy alone. The injunctions of 

 Edward VI. and Elizabeth, together with constitutions of Peckhamand 

 other archbishops, although of no great authority, still must not be 

 omitted in a summary of our canon law. 



There are two species of courts in England, in which the canon law 

 is under certain restrictions used. 1. The courte of the archbishops 

 and bishop* and their derivative officers, usually called in our Uw 

 courte Christian, Curi-r C/irittianilatit, or ecclesiastical courts. 2. The 

 court* of the two universities. In the first of these, the reception of 

 the canon Uw is grounded entirely upon custom ; but the custom in 

 the cose of the universities derives additional support from the acU of 

 parliament which confirm the charters of those bodies. They are all 

 subject to the superintendence and control of the courte of common 

 law, which assume the exclusive right of expounding all statutes 

 relating to the ecclesiastical courte, and will prohibit them from going 

 beyond the prescribed limits of their respective jurisdictions; and 

 from all of them on appeal lies to the king in the last resort. 



Before the Reformation, degree* were as frequent in the canon Uw 

 a* in the civil Uw. Many persons became graduates in both, or jru 

 trfaajm doetortt ; and this degree is still common in foreign univer- 

 sities. But Henry VIII., in the 27th year of his reign, issued a man- 

 date to the university of Cambridge, to the effect that no lecture* on 

 canon Uw should be read, and no degrees whatever in that faculty 

 conferred in the university for the future.* It is probable that 

 Oxford received a similar prohibition about the same time, as degrees 

 in canon Uw have ever since been discontinued in England. 



Before we conclude this article, it may be as well to observe that 

 the Decree of Gratian and the Decretals are usually cited not according 

 to book and title, but by reference to the first word of the canon, 

 which renders it necessary for the modern reader to consult the 

 alphabetical list of the canons, in order to find out the book, title, 

 and chapter, under which the canon he wishes to consult is to be 

 . 



CANOPUS, the name of an Egyptian jar of a big-bellied form, with 

 a cover or top representing a human bead or that of some animal, and 

 frequently having handles. These vessel* are generally made of baked 

 earth, sometimes of alabaster, and even of green basalt, and they are 

 often represented on Egyptian coins : several of the so-called Alexan- 

 drine medal* have canopi on the reverse. Some have hieroglyphics on 

 them, and are painted and glazed ; and they occur so fresh and new 

 in appearance that BeUoni, when one was offered to him for the first 

 time, thought the Arab WM attempting to palm upon him a new jar 

 for an ancient one. Bodies of sacrad animal* ore sometimes found in 

 these veaseU ; and they appear to have been much used in r. 

 ""monies. Canopus is the Greek form of the name of on Egyptian 

 oWty; but that the deity was the same a* Cnuph or Cnoph, as some 

 hat* asserted appears, to ssy the least, very doubtful. Earthen jars 



*t Acsd. C.ntb., p. 1IT. 



of this form seem to have been used for keeping water cool, as they 

 still are in Egypt. The British Museum contains several excellent 

 specimen* of these canopi. (' Egyptian Antiquities,' vol. ii, ; ' ' Descrip- 

 tion de 1'Egypte,' vol. i. ; Jablonsky, ' Pantheon .(Egypt, 1 vol. iii. ; 

 Wilkinson, ' Ancient Egyptian*,' vol. ii.) 



CANO'PUS, a ster of the first magnitude, in the rudder of the 

 constellation Argo, In Ptolemy it U KorvjSoi (eantbia), in Pliny, 

 ran"puj. It does not become visible to any part of the earth higher in 

 latitude than the southern part of the Mediterranean. 



Hyginus, the author of a book of gossip about the stars, and Mar- 

 tianus Capella, a poet (cited by Grotius), have stated that r.. 

 wa* a star in the constellation tiridonua, which they say was tli< 

 .uid the star was therefore the island of that name. Sir John Hill, a 

 modern Hyginus, author of just uch another work, ha* itated that 

 " some old astronomers " hare placed Canopus as above described ; and 

 Dr. Hutton, who should not have made an authority of Sir John Hill, 

 has copied his words, and repeated the mistake in his ' Mathematical 

 Dictionary.' It therefore becomes worth while to correct it 



CANOPY, the covering over a niche used in Gothic architecture. 

 Being intended not merely as a covering to protect the statues under 

 them from the weather, but as a mark of distinction also, they were 

 used like a baldachin. Hence, as they afford on opportunity for the 

 display of considerable taste and ingenuity, they are usually elabo- 

 rately and often very beautifully carved. Canopies are sometimes met 

 with in Norman tombs, &c. ; they occur more frequently in first pointed 

 architecture, but they are most freely used in the middle and third 

 pointed or decorated and perpendicular styles of English Gothic. In 

 French Gothic buildings canopies are found of exceeding richness. 

 The various Gothic edifices, and especially the cathedrals, in England 

 present numerous examples of canopies, and they occur frequently, 

 and of the mo*t elaborate kind, on the tombs of our kings and prince*, 

 placed horizontally, and therefore in such a situation as clearly shows 

 that they were intended, like a baldachin, to be a mark of honour, and 

 not a mere covering. [BALDACHIN.] The dripstone over a win'' 

 door U also called a canopy when enriched. 



CANTATA, in music (from ranlart, It. In nit?), originally signified 

 a short lyric drama, consisting of recitative, airs, duets, and occasionally 

 choruses, the subject of which was sometimes sacred, sometimes pas- 

 toral, but more commonly of the erotic kind. The invention of the 

 cantata is generally ascribed to Giacomo Corissimi, pontifical Maestro 

 di Cappella, about the year 1650. The ' May Queen,' by Mr. Sterndale 

 Bennett, is one of the must recent English examples of the cantata in 

 this its complete form; and the 'May Day,' by Mr. Macfainn. is 

 another. Subsequently the cantata assumed a more contracted form, and 

 was written for a single voice. Of the latter kind, the most celebrated 

 ore those of Alessondro Scarlatti, Handel, Porpora, Marcello, Pergo- 

 Icsi, &c. Purcell's ' Mod Bess ' and ' From Rosie Bowers ' are cantetas 

 that far exceed in depth of feeling and richness of harmony any tli.it 

 either preceded or followed them. Dr. Pcpusch's ' Alexis,' a lighter 

 composition, is a justly-admired cantata; and l>r. ArncV Cymim and 

 Iphigenia,' for simplicity and sweetness of melody, i* entitled 

 notice. 



CANTEEN, a small wooden vessel capable of containing three pints, 

 which i* carried by each soldier on the march on foreign - 

 the field. The use of them has been some time general in the British 

 army ; they ore usually mode of oak and painted blue. They r. 

 over the shoulder by a leather strap, and have the number or appella- 

 tion of the lattnlion and regiment, and the number or letter of the 

 company to which they belong painted on one side. 



Another kind of canteen is a square box fitted up with compart- 

 ments, in which officers on foreign service pack a variety of articles, 

 such as spirit-bottles, tea and sugar canisters, plates, dishes, knives, 

 forks, glajses, and other requisites for the table. 



A canteen i* also a place in barracks where a licensed sutler is 

 allowed to sell provisions, liquors, coffee, &c., to non-commissioned 

 officers and privates, and the quarter-master of the regiment is respon- 

 sible that no irregularity occurs ; the sole of wine, beer, or spirits is 

 not allowed except at the canteen, and the quantity sold at one time is 

 regulated by the commanding officer. 



I'MARIDIN. Spanish flies contain a crystalline principle, dis- 

 covered by Uobiquet In order to isolate it, the flies are to be digested 

 in alcohol ; the alcoholic solution is to be evaporated to dryness, and 

 treated with ether, which dissolves the cantharulin. ami l>y spontaneous 

 evaporation deposits it in the state of micaceous particles, which are to 

 be purified from some yellow matter by washing with alcohol. 



The properties of cantharidin are that when pure it is insoluble in 

 watrr, but very soluble in boiling alcohol, and crystallises from it as the 

 solution cools. It is also very soluble in oiU, but neither acetic nor 

 l.vli.M-hloric acid dissolves it; it melt* when heated, and sublimes 

 without decomposing at a high temperature. It is to this priii ipln 

 that contharides owe their blistering power. One groin of cantharides, 

 mixed with an ounce of lard, U sufficient to produce a very powerful 

 blistering effect when applied t > the skin. 



According to Regnault, canthariilin consists of carbon 61'68, hydro- 



H'O'. 



iKFICINA'LIS (Geoffrey); Mdoe reticatoritu (Lin- 

 n.Tu) ; Lytta ttnfatnria (Fabr.) ; Cantharit rencatoria (Lstreille, and 

 ' London Pharma.' 1951) ; is extensively employed to produce blisters. 



