CAPITAL. 



i AI'ItrLATION. 



the productivenew of Industry, by which the enjoyment* of 

 rc multiplied, but it actually produce* many source* of power 

 and enjoyment, which without ii could have no existence. It u the 

 foundation of all social progress and ririlisation, for without it man is 

 but a savage. It must precede hi* mental culture. for until it exist* 

 hi* noble endowment* are idle or tnUemployed. Without it, his mind 

 in a slave to the want* of hi* body : with it, the strength of other* 

 become* subservient to hi* will, and while he duvet* it to increase the 

 physical enjoyment* of hi* race, bin intellect range* beyond the common 

 necessities of man, and aspires to wisdom to government and laws 

 to arts and science*. In all the nations of the world riches hare 

 preceded and introduced intellectual superiority. In numberless 

 rminsssn of art capital enables work to be executed which couUl not 

 otherwise be performed at all, or enable* it to be performed better and 

 in le*s time. In all ways it multiplies indefinitely the varied source* 

 of enjoyment that are offered to civilised man ; but never more con- 

 spicuously than when it stimulate* and encourage* invention. 



The paramount value of capital to the prosperity of a nation should 

 never be overlooked by a government Unwise lawn, restrictions 

 upon commerce, improvident taxation, which are unfavourable to it* 

 growth, should be dreaded a* poison to the sources of national wealth 

 and happineas. No claas U the better for its decay or retarded growth : 

 all derive benefit from it* increase. And above all, when population is 

 rapidly increasing, let a government beware how it interferes with the 

 natural growth of capital, lest the fund for the employment of labour 

 should fail, and the number* of the people, instead of being an instru- 

 ment of national power, should become the unhappy cause of its 

 decay. The material happineas of a people is greatest when the 

 national wealth is increasing more rapidly than the population ; when 

 the demand for labour is ever in advance of the supply. But while 

 the natural growth of capital should not be interfered with by restric- 

 tions, the opposite error of forcing it into particular channels should 

 equally be avoided. Industry requires from government nothing but 

 freedom for it* exercise ; and capital will then find its own way into 

 the most productive employment*. The beet means of aiding its 

 spontaneous development are a liberal encouragement of science and 

 the art*, and a judicious system of popular education and industrial 

 training ; for as " knowledge is power," so is it at once the befit of all 

 riches and the most efficient producer of wealth. 

 CAPITAL. [COLT-MS.! 

 CAPITE. TENANTS IN. [BAHOX.] 



CAPITOL, CAPITO'LIUM, MONS CAPITOLI'NTS, a lull. .1 

 fortress, and a temple, celebrated in the history of ancient I!om.'. 

 The temple and the fortress no longer exist ; and the hill in called by 

 corruption Campidoglio. It rises on the eastern skirts of the inhabited 

 part of modern Rome, which it divides from the Forum and the other 

 forsaken district* of the ancient city. The Capitoline Mount is of an 

 Oval shape, and about one mile in circumference at its base; it is 

 divided from the Quirinal to the N.E. by a narrow valley, in which 

 tli.- Forum of Trajan once was, and the pillar still is; it has to the E 

 the Forum of Augustus and the Via Sacra, which divides it f . 

 Eixjuiline hill; to the S.E. the valley of the Forum Romamim, whirl 

 divides it from the Palatine hill ; to the S. the Forum Boarium, which 

 divides it from the Aventine hill ; and the Tiber to the S.W. It ha* 

 two summits, one to the N. towards the Quirinal, on which the churcl 

 and Franciscan convent of Ara Cccli now stand ; and another to the S 

 towards the Tiber, on which are the palace and garden of Cafliirelli 

 At the S. end was the Tarpeian rock, down which state-criminals were 

 hurled. The height of this side of the hill is very much reduced, thi 

 ground at the foot of it having been considerably raised by ruins one 

 rubbish, and the rock itself having been sloped down, and houses bull 

 against it. Still it rises abruptly in one place, to the elevation of 81 

 palmi (03 feet), at the back of the Caflarelli gardens, above Piazza 

 Montanara. The height of the Capitol, taken at the pavement of the 

 church of Ara Cccli, which is the highest summit, is 155 feet above 

 the sea, 185 feet above the Tiber taken at it* medium height, and 

 about 90 feet above the present surface of the Forum, which howeve: 

 is in several place* 20 feet higher than it* ancient level 



The hill it said to have been called Satumius in the ante-Roman 

 time*. When the first Romans built their town on the Palatine, they 

 cboae the opposite hill, which was then more abrupt, to build their iir: 

 or citadel upon. In their first war with the Sabineti, according to thi 

 old story, the latter took powessiun of this stronghold by the treachery 

 of a woman called Tarpeia, the daughter of the Roman commander 

 Hence the hill took the name of Tarpcius. After the peace Tatiu 

 and hi* Sabine* settled on the Tarpeian Mount, and Romulus remainec 

 on the Palatine. Ta>n,uinius the Elder began to build a temple U 

 Jupiter on the Tarpeian Mount, the summit of which he levelled fo 

 th* purpnce. The building was afterward* continued by Tarquiniu 

 Superbus, who engaged workmen from Etruria for the purpoee, am 

 employed in it the money resulting from the plunder of Stiesna 

 Pometia, a city of the Volw-i, which he had taken and de 

 Waning the place to be wholly consecrated to Jupiter, he ordered th 

 efcapel* and votive alUn erected by Tatius and others to bo removed. 

 The augur* consulted the flight of bird* to ascertain the will of th 

 gods, and all were declared to have absented wept the god Terminus 

 who would not rtir from hi* plaoe. Thi* was considered a* an omen 

 of the perpetuity of the new edifice and of the city. In digging som 



rt of the foundations, the workmen were said to hare found a human 

 lead quite fresh, which was interpreted to signify that the spot would 

 the head and centre of the Roman power. (Livy, i. 55.) The 1. 

 accordingly dedicated to Jupiter Capitolimu, from r.iput, " a head." 

 t ha* been a subject of dispute whether thi* temple stood on the N. 

 or S. summit of the hill ; it seem* probable, however, that it stood on 

 he N. side, where the church of Ara Cccli now stands. (N 

 Icoroni, Ac.) It is said to have stood fa any, " in the cit.n< 

 was originally on the S. summit ; but a* the entire mount wax 

 wards inclosed by walls and fortified, the word arx was used indis- 

 criminately for the whole. The temple i* said to have had it* front 

 to the S. towards the Aventine; had it been at the 8. extremity 

 vould have been no access to it, except at the Kick, by the ' 

 Vipitolinu*. This is one of the arguments used by Nardini and others. 

 The temple of Jupiter Capitolinus was burnt in the civil war of Marius, 

 but Sulk rebuilt it with much greater splendour and of the most 

 costly material*. It is said to have been 200 feet long and 185 wide ; 

 t had a peristyle with three rows of marble columns in front, and two 

 rows of pillars divided the interior into three aisles, at the furthest 

 end of which were three cellm dedicated to Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. 

 The vault of the temple and the external roof were covered with plate* 

 of gold. This temple was the principal sanctuary of Rome, to which 

 the victorious generals and emperors went in triumphal procession to 

 sacrifice to the gods. Other temples were raised successively on the 

 Capitoline hill, such as that of Juno Moncta, with the mint annexed 

 M it ; of Jupiter Feretrius, Raid to have been built by Romulus ; of 

 Mars, of Venus, of Fortune, and of Isis and Serapis. The temple of 

 Concord stood on the slope towards the Forum. A Bibliotheca or 

 Library, the Tabularium, Athenanim, Curia Kalabra, the Atrium 

 [mblicum, and other public buildings, were also in the Capitol. In 

 the intermontium or little valley between the two summits, stood 

 the Asylum or place of refuge, between two plantations of oak trees. 

 It is difficult now to form an idea of the appearance of the place and 

 the effect it must have produced. It is evident that the sides of the 

 hill were much more abrupt and stood higher above the plain below 

 than at present The only access was from the Forum on the s 

 by the Clivus Capitolinus and the Clivus juxta Asylum. There were 

 also 100 steps to ascend to the Tarpeian rock, being probably an open- 

 ing on that ride branching out of one of the two Clivi. 



The principal buildings of the modern Capitol consist of three 

 palaces, the work of Michel Angelo, forming three sides of a square, in 

 the middle of which stands the equestrian statue of Marcus Aureliu*. 

 The open side is to the N.W. towards the modern city. The palace 

 facing it is that of the senator of Rome ; to the left of it is the palace 

 de' Conservator! ; and to the right that of the Capitoline Museum, one 

 of the finest collection of statues and sculptures in Italy. The three 

 palace* and the square between occupy the intermontium, the two 

 summits being occupied by the church of Ara Cceli and the palace and 

 gardens of Caflarelli. Two ways lead down by the senatorial palace 

 into the Campo Vaccino, or ancient Forum. 



i Al'ITULA'RIUM, literally "a book divided into chapters," was 

 the name riven to the laws issued by the French kings of the firt 

 and second races, in the great assemblies of the noble* and bishops 

 which formed tho states of the kingdom, for the administration of 

 civil and ecclesiastical affairs. These laws, being classed under heads 

 : liters, were called onpitularies. Childebert, Clotarius, and 

 Dagobert, and afterwards Charlemagne, Louis le De'bonnaire, Charles 

 the Bald, &c., issued capitularies Those of Charlemagne are the 

 most celebrated, being more extensive, more enlightened considering 

 the age he lived in, and forming a real code of legislation which 

 remained in force long after. Ansegisu*, abbot of Fontenelles, made 

 a collection in books of the capitularies of Charlemagne and his son 

 Louis le Ddbonnairc in tin- \..n ,---J7. nthor collections -were pub- 

 lished subsequently. After Charles the Simple, A.D. 922, no more 

 capitularies were issued, and no laws or statute* are known to exist of 

 the subsequent ]wriod till tho time of Louis le Grog, A.D. llrtn. 

 Louis le Oros began to issue charter* to the commune* or churches, 

 but no general law* or ordinances appear to have been enacted, 

 except one by Philippe August*! in 1190, till the time of St. Louis, 

 A D. 1260, who began to issue regular ordinance*. Baluze published a 

 complete collection of nil the capitularies issued by the kings of the 

 first and second race, with note*. (Cajiitularla Keynm Francurum, 

 2 vol*. folio, Pan*, 1677.) 



CAPITULATION, a series of article* expressing the condition* 

 under which a fortress is surrendered to an en< 



The agreement by which an army or a large division of troop* sur- 

 renders to a superior force, or engage* to evacuate the territory wliirh 

 it occupies, when it* strength and condition .ire yet such as to make 

 iUelf respected by the enemy, i* called a Convention. Such was that 

 made at Cintra, or rather at Lisbon, between the general* of the 

 French and English nrmio* on the departure of the former from 

 Portugal in 1808. 



When the provisions and ammunition of a garrison are nearly ex- 

 pended, when breaches have been made in the rampart* of the fortre**, 

 and no chance remains of being succoured, the governor of the place is 

 justified in entering into an agreement with die be*iegen respecting 

 the terms by which he consent* to deliver his charge into their hands ; 

 and by the rules of war, as well as from the regard due to a gallant 



