ALCOHOL. 



CAPS, PERCUSSION. 



M insoluble, while caproate readily dissolves. From the baryta salt the 

 cid U separated by means of ulphuric acid. 



The most advantageous mode of preparing caproic acid i* by the 

 notion of potash on cyanide of myl. 



c,,n,,c,N + xono + sno = KOO, ,H,,OJ + xn, 



Cvanldtof I'oUth. Gaprostoof Ammonia. 



aml. pouh. 



Cyanide of amyl U boiled for some time with alcoholic solution of 

 potash, Urge quantities of ammonia escape, and after some time the 

 raridue soUdifies to a crystalline moat of caprnate of potash. This salt 

 u dissolved in a small quantity of water, and a slight excess of sul- 

 lihuric acid added, by which the caproic acid is liberated in the form 

 of an oil, which float* on the surface. This U rectified and the dis- 

 tillate between 888* and 392* Fahr. collected separately. 



Caproic acid is a colourless oily liquid, with an odour at once sug- 

 gestire of vinegar and of sweat ; its taste is acid and sharp, with a 

 sweetiah aftertaste. Its density is 980. It boils at 888 Kahr. It is 

 ~oluble in about 90 parts of water, and dissolves in all proportions in 

 alcohol and ether. 



\Vurtz has observed that caproic acid prepared from cocoa-nut oil, 

 and that prepared from cyanide of tunyl, though identical in other 

 respects, differ in this that while the former is optically inactive, the 

 Utter has the property of rotating the plane of polarisation. As all 

 derivatives of amylic alcohol which contain the radical amyl (C.^,,) 

 hare been observed to possess this rotatory power, Wurte concludes, 

 as Kolbe and Frankland had previously done on other grounds, that 

 caproic acid also contains this radical, and is formic acid in which 

 hydrogen is replaced by the radical amyl. 



Formic acid. 



Caproic acid. 



The caproates are monobasic, and have the general formula 

 C^MO^MOC H O s . 



Caproate of potaih (KO, CjAjOJ forms a transparent jelly which 

 becomes opaque by heat. When a solution of this salt is electrolysed, 

 hydrogen and carbonic acid gases are given off, and an oil is formed 

 which is the radical amyl (C 10 H M ), containing an admixture of caproic 

 acid. 



Caproate of baryta (BaO,C,,H ,0,) crystallises according to the tem- 

 perature at which it is evaporated, either in large needles or in brilliant 

 hexagonal plates. It fuses at a gentle temperature, and by dry dis- 

 tillation yields gaseous hydrocarbons and a small quantity of a 

 colourless oil, which is a mixture of caproic aldehyde (C iI H l ,0,), and 



: -rmu, C n H M O 1 = " I '' , the ketone of the series. 



Caproate of ethyl, or cproic ether (^.H^O^C H,0, C,,H U O,), is 

 obtained by distilling a mixture of caproate of baryta, alcohol, and 

 sulphuric acid. It u a limpid oil, boiling at 324 V., and possessing a 

 pleasant odour of pine-apples. 



Anhydrout raproit acid (C^H^O,), is prepared by the action of 

 oxychloride of phosphorus on caproate of baryta. It U an oil lighter 

 than water, and perfectly neutral. 



CAPROIC ALCOHOL, or Hydra ted Orydc of llexyl, C ,H. 

 -C,.H,,0, HO. This alcohol is contained in very small quantities in 

 the lew voUtile part* of the brandies prepared from the expressed 

 residue of the grape, along with iU homologous propylic, butylic, and 

 amylic alcohols It is separated by fractional distillation. It is n 

 colourless aromatic highly refracting liquid, insoluble in water. Its 

 density U 0'832, and it boils at about 302 Fahr. As far as it has been 

 examined, it exhibit* all the re-actions of an alcohol. By the action 

 of potash it U converted, with disengagement of hydrogen, into 

 caproate of potass, and with sulphuric acid it forms a copulated acid 

 homologous with sulphovinic acid. 



Meryl, C lt H, t . The radical of caproic alcohol, so called from being 

 the sixth in the series of homologous radicals, was obtained by Brazier 

 and Oosaleth by the electrolysis of eonanthylic acid, in the same 

 manner in which the radical methyl is obtained by the electrolysis of 

 acetate of potash. 



KOC,,H,,0. + HO - KO, 2CO. + H+C, .H,, 



CEnanthrUt* of Bicarbonate 1 1 . > i 



rotaih. of Potaih. 



During the operation the hexyl separates as an oily layer on the 

 surface of the solution. It contains other substances admixed 

 resulting from secondary action, and is freed from them by distillation 

 . ElS*? * Bd TOb e< l u I > t rectification. It is a fragrant oil, boiling 

 t U a very permanent body. It is not attacked by 

 aphunc acid or by moderately strong nitric acid, but by a mixture 

 two it i. partiall oxidised and changed into a fatty acid, which 



CAPROIC KTIIKH. [CAPBOIC AciB.J 



CAPROILENE. [HEXTLKJSK.] 



CAPRONE. [CAPBOIC Ann.] 



CAPRONITRYLE, or CVamWe of Ami*, (C IO H n ,C,N), is obtained 

 by heating a mixture of caproate of ammonia and anhydrous phos- 

 phoric acid, or by distilling together milphamyUte of potash and 

 cyanide of potassium. By boiling with alcoholic solution of ! 

 U converted into caproic acid. [CAPHOIC ACID.] 



CAPROTYL. [CAFROIC ALCOHOL : Hcjryi.] 



CAPROYL (C lt H, 0,), the hypothetical negative radical of . 

 acid, which is generally regarded as the hydrated oxide of capriiyl, 



C .. H .. | o r 



CAPHV1.AMIXE. [CAPRYLIC ALCOHOL.] 



CAPRYLEXE. [CAI-BYI.IC ALCOHOL.] ' 



CAPRYLIC ACID (HO,C,.H.,0,) occurs in cow's and goafs 

 butter, in cocoa-nut oil, and in other fatty matters along with acids 

 homologous with it; and U also frequently formed by the oxidation 

 of fatty substances. Its best source U cocoa-nut oil. It is prepared 

 by decomposing the caprylate of baryta [CAPBOIO Acin] by sul- 

 phuric acid. 



At ordinary temperatures it is an oily liquid, of a snd.., 

 odour. At 50 Fahr. it crystallises in needles. It boils at 457 FaLi 

 a monobasic acid, the general formula of its salts being MO, C, e H,,O r 

 They have been but little examined. 



Caprylic ether or caprylate of etl,yl (C.H.O, C 1( ,H ia OJ is a , 

 less liquid, with an odour like that of pine-apples. 



CAPRYLIC ALCOHOL, or hi,t/,;,i,J .,,,/, </ ,,r,// (< I 

 This alcohol is also called oclylic alcohol (OKTU, eight), as being . 

 in the series of homologous alcohols. It is formed by distilling ricin- 

 oleic acid with excess of potash, or more simply by distilling ca 

 itself, which consists of ricinoleic acid in combination with gly 

 with excess of caustic potash. The action is tolerably brisk, hydrogen is 

 given off, and an oily liquid passes over, consisting mainly of c, 

 alcohol, while sebacic acid is formed, And remains in > with 



the potash. 



C >t U, t O t ^+ 2KOHO = 2KO, C,.Hi t O. 



+ 



+ III 



Riclnoloic acid. 



Scbacate of potass. 



Caprylic 

 alcohol. 



Besides caprylic alcohol, the oily liquid contains a ketone methyloenan- 

 thol C.jH.nO, = C ' H "0, | This is removed by agitating the liquid 



with bisulphite of potash, with which it forms a crystallised com- 

 pound. 



Caprylic alcohol when pure is a colourless oleaginous liquid of an 

 agreeable aromatic odour, insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol and 

 ether. It boils at 362 Fahr. Kxjxwed to the air, it gradually 

 ties this change is greatly accelerated by platinum black. It 

 with chloride of calcium, a crystalline, easily decomporible compound. 

 By the action of chloride of zinc, it is decomposed with the ton. 

 of hydro-carbons, the most abundant of which is an oily liquid 

 Une (oclylene) C,.H,.. 



By the action of caustic alkalies, caprylic alcohol is decomposed with 

 the disengagement of hydrogen, and formation of caprylic acid. 



Capryl (C ie H 17 ), the radical of these compounds is obtained by 

 treating chloride of c.ipryl with sodium. 



( -hlnndt of capryl (C.jH.jCl.), a liquid of an agreeable fruity odour, 

 is formed by treating caprylic alcohol with hydrochloric acid. 



Mi.lt ,,f m^ryl (C 1(> H,,I), and Bromide of cajnyl (C,.H 1 .Br), are 

 formed by treating the alcohol with the iodide or bromide of phos- 

 phorus. By the action of ammonia on iodide of capryl m^ 



io,, 

 C,,H lt N = S N is formed: it is a colourless limpid liquid, 



with an ammouiacal odour, which slightly resembles mushrooms. It 

 forms readily crytallisable salts. 



By the action of iodide of capryl on the metallic compounds of the 

 alcohols. Wills obtained a series of double ethers. Of these the 

 methyl-taprylic ether (C.H.O, C.,H,,0), the ft/,,,1 r,, t m,i; f ether 

 (C.H.O, C,.H,,0) and the amyl caprylic ether (OJB n O,C l J. o, 

 have been OMonbed. 



Siil/ili^'ii/.rif/i.- ,,dd (C,,H,,0, HO, 2SO.) is formed by the action of 

 sulphuric acid on caprylic alcohol. It forms crystallised salts 

 and ia homologous in all respects with fmlphorinic acid. 



( Al'liVl.li KTIIKK. [CAPBYLIC ACID.] 



CAPS, PERCUSSION. There have been three modes adopted, in 

 different times, for firing off musketa, fowling-pieces, and other kin. I , 

 of liand-guns, namely, the match, the/i'nf and t'cel, and the perciuaiun 

 c,, t , . the last of which depends for its principle on modern chemical 

 discoveries. 



It has been stated [ARMS] that the first kind of hand-gun, called the 

 hand-cannon, was fired by a match applied to the priming at the touch- 

 hole ; and that the first approach towards the use of a gun-lock was by 

 placing a small pan at the ri K ht hand of the touch-hole to contain thf- 

 priming-powder, to prevent it from l>eing blown away. The match 

 was applied by hand ; but in the argutbKt, a later invention,! 

 brought over the touch-hole by means of a trigger, such as had before 



