CARDINAL POINTS. 



CARMfKKl.I.H' ACID. 



pillar* of 

 o had the I 



clergy. There wr* also <mrdinl dsaoon*. 



who'kad the efaarg* of UM hospital, for the poor, nd who naked 

 bore the other deacon*. Originally, thii title appears to have been 

 applied to the high** offlosa, but about the llth century it become 

 restricted to the incumbent* of the parishes of the city of Rome, and 

 also of other great cities, who alone bad the power to baptise and to 

 administer the Lord's Supper. The cardinal priests of Rome attended 

 the pope on solemn occasion*. Leo IV., in the council of Rome, 858, 

 tyled them " presbyteros aui oardinis." Afterwards the title of 

 cardinal was giren also to the aeren biahopi suburbloarii, or suffragan 

 of the pope, who took their title from place* in the neighbourhood of 

 Rome ; namely, Oetia, Porto, Santa Rufina, Sabina, Palestrina, Albano, 

 and Frascoti. These biahopi were called hebdomadarii, because they 

 attended the pope for a week each in his turn. The cardinals took 

 put with the rest of the Roman clergy in the election of the pope, who 

 was often choteu from among their number, till 1058, when, having 

 chosen Nicholas II. without the participation of the people, the right 

 of doing eo was decreed by the pope in the following year ; and in 

 1179, the election was more solemnly restricted to the cardinals only by 

 Alexander III. About the beginning of the 12th century, the popes 

 having organised a regular court, bestowed the rank of cardinal priest 

 or deacon on any individual of the clergy or even laity that they thought 

 proper, whether Roman or foreign, giving to each the title of some 

 particular church of Rome, without any obligatory service being 

 attached to it. The churches which give titles are, however, even yet, 

 under the complete jurisdiction of their respective titulars. Thus 

 they made the cardinals a separate body elected for life; and the 

 officiating prieaU of the Roman parishes were by degrees deprived. of 

 the title of cardinals. Sixtua V., in 1587, fixed the number of cardinals 

 at seventy, which has been since increased'to seventy-two ; namely, the 

 six bishops suburbicarii above-mentioned (the title of Santa Rufina 

 being joined to that of Porto, and that of Velietri added to Ostia), 

 fifty-two cardinal priests, and fourteen deacons. Most of the cardinal*, 

 both prrasta and deacons, bear the title of a church of the city of Kome. 

 Several of the cardinal priests are bishop of some particular diocese at 

 the same time ; still they bear the title of the particular church of 

 Rome under which they were made cardinals. The body of the 

 cardinals is styled the Sacred College. The number of seventy-two is 

 seldom complete, the pope generally leaving some vacancies fur extra- 

 ordinary cases. Most of the cardinals who reside at Rome, either enjoy 

 ecclesiastical benefices, or are employed in the administration, either 

 spiritual or temporal; others belong to wealthy families, and provide 

 for their own support ; and those who have not the same means, receive 

 an allowance from the government. Their dress, adopted before the 

 commencement of the 13th century, was a scarlet or violet robe and 

 DOM, symbolising their readiness to shed their blood for the Catholic 

 faith. In 1243, Innocent IV. gave them the red hat, and precedence 

 over bishops ; Boniface IV. added the princely mantle, and Urban VIII. 

 gave them the title of " Eminence." The nomination or promotion of 

 any one to the cardiualate rests wholly with the pope ; and their 

 institution is accompanied by the ceremony of kissing the pope's 

 foot, hand, and mouth, and by others symbolical of their spiritual 

 sllflgionfrft The pope often employs ordinals as his ambassadors to 

 foreign courts, and the individual thus employed is styled Legate 

 a Later*. A cardinal legate is the governor of a province, known by 

 the name of a Legation, whereof , till the revolution of 1830, there were 

 four. The chief secretary of state, the camerlengo or minister of 

 finan<y, the vicar of Rome, and other leading official person*, are 

 ebnasn from among the cardinals. 



The Council of Cardinals, when assembled under the presidency of 

 UM pope to discuss matters of Church or state, is called " Cousistorium." 

 There are public ooosistories, held on some great occasions, which 

 correspond to the levees of other sovereigns, and private or secret 

 consistories, which are the privy council of the pope. With regard to 

 UM forms of the election of a pope, see COXCLAVB. 



In Henri's Dictionary, art. " Cardinal," is a list of all the cardinals 

 elected from 1119 till 1724, their names, countries, titles, and other 

 dignities, the date of their election, and that of their death, which may 

 be found useful for historical reference. 



CAHDIXAL POINTS. [COMPAM.] 



i 'A I! MIN'i;. [ WiMiLUNi MAXUPACTI-RES.] 



< AltMl 'TIS, inflammation of the heart. [HEART, DISEASES OF.] 



< U.ll.UiN. [CHlMM.] 



CAUMIDINK. An. organic base found in shale tar. It has hitherto 

 only been imperfectly examined. 



CARMINATI VES, agents chiefly obtained from the vegetable king- 

 dom, ore employed to promote UM expulsion of flatulence. Though 

 gate* of oHerent kinds are occasionally secreted by the toner surface of 

 several organs of the body, those gate* which infest the intestinal canal 

 are in a great measure UM result of the fermentation of articles of food, 

 the digestion of which is slow or imperfect. Whatever causes indiges- 

 tion favours the formation of such gases : hence they mostly trouble 

 infant*, whose stomachs an generally feeble, or hypochondriac*! and 

 hysterical Individuals, or those who lead a sedentary life. Substances 

 which impart, even for a very short time, that energy and power 

 which, in such persons, the stomach and intestine* appear to be 

 dvtttute of, enable thorn to throw off the wind which oppresses these 

 Plants possessed of an aromatic principle, owing to the pre- 



sence of a volatile oil, ore employed to effect this end, which they 

 sometime* accomplish even whan applied to UM external surface of the 

 stanwih, and much more certainly what taken internally. Instead of 

 UM plant* in a raw or dried state, the oil is often extracted from them 

 by distillation, or a tincture or even a distilled water is formed from 

 them, and administered under rjnrihr cnroumstanoes ; and this last 

 mode is in general UM best A few drop* of UM oil, or of the tincture 

 of any of then plants, may be dropped upon sugar, and so introduced 

 into the stomach, or the distilled water may be made the vehicle for 

 the administration of other medicines proper to be given at the same 

 time. Thus wniie alkaline earth, such as magnesia or its carbonate, or 

 a pure alkali, such as liquor potawsn, or an alkaline carbonate, may be 

 given at the oame time with good effect. 



As a general rule, it may be stated that, if these stimulant* fail on 

 their first exhibition to give the relief expected, they should not be 

 repeated without the sanction and advice of a competent medical 

 attendant; for, even if an inflammatory condition of the stomach and 

 intestines does not already exist, the continuance of colicky pain- 

 to produce it, especially if assisted by brandy or other stimulant*. Even 

 dill or anise may affect too powerfully the sensitive nervous nystias of 

 infanta, for these ore by no means such simple agents as is commonly 

 supposed : the seeds of dill poison bullfinches, canary birds are killed 

 by those of anise, and parrots by those of parsley. 



The safest and most effectual means of avoiding the distressing 

 symptoms attendant on the disengagement of flatus are great attention 

 to diet and regimen. Regular exercise should be taken daily. The 

 food should be plain ; soups and much liquid, particularly tea, should 

 be avoided : and the person should retire to rest at an early hour. 

 [AROMATIOS, AKTIBPASMODIOS.] 



CARM1XMIX. [IxDiop.] 



CARMINE, as met with in commerce, consist* of the colouring 

 matter (rarmiitic arid, rofkenilii) of the oochineal insect (Ooccio 

 ord. Ifemipttra), united generally with alumina, sometimes with oxide 

 of tin, and occasionally it contains albumen, on account of white of egg 

 having been used in its manufacture. The following are some formulie 

 for the preparation of this beautiful pigment : 



One pound four ounces of cochineal and 115 grains of carbonate of 

 soda are to be boiled with four gallons of rain-water, or, better, dis- 

 tilled water, for twenty minutes ; and, after removing from the fire, 

 three-quarters of an ounce of alum and the eighth of :ni . 

 bitertrate of potash are to be added, and the whole well stirred. < >M 

 standing, impurities subside, and the liquor may be carefully decanted 

 off and strained if necessary. It will now soon become turbid. 

 the whites of two eggs, well beaten up, are added, and if complete 

 separation of the colouring matter does not immediately take place the 

 whole may be gradually heated, when the carmine soon rises to the 

 surface. The liquor should not be boiled. Collected on a strainer, 

 the carmine, after washing with three or four pints of water, is to be 

 dried at a temperature between 82" and 86 Fahr. Isinglass may be 

 sulwtittited for white of egg if a less granular carmine is desired. 



In the preparation of carmine, great delicacy of manipulation and 

 perfect purity of material is necessary; the heat required should In- 

 generated from a charcoal fire, and all vessels kept scrupulously clean ; 

 even the atmosphere of a large town is said to injuriously affect ita 

 tint. 



Carmine in largely used in miniature painting, artificial-flower 

 making, perfumery, confectionery, red ink manufacture, and as a 

 cosmetic, sometimes called rouge, for the complexion. It is richer, 

 more transparent, and a smaller quantity goes further than any other 

 colour of similar hue. 



Carminie arid (rocheniOin), (C M H,',O 1(1 ), is the pure colouring i 

 of the cochineal insect mentioned already. Mr. Warren De la Hue, 

 who has mode an elaborate investigation of this substance, recommends 

 the following process for ita preparation : An aqueous decoction of tin 

 powdered cochineal is to be precipitated with acetate of lead, the 

 washed carminate decomposed by a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen, 

 and the carminic acid again precipitated with acetate of lea' 1 

 mixed with acetic acid. The carminate of lead is onoe more decom- 

 posed with sulphuretted hydrogen, the solution evaporated to drynms, 

 re-dusolved in alcohol and phosphoric acid, and separated by digesting 

 the tincture with a small quantity of carminate of lead. Lastly, n 

 trace of nitrogenous matter being separated by ether, the pure carminic 

 acid is obtained from the filtrate by evaporation. 



Carminic acid is a purple-brown frialile solid, transparent under the 

 micnwcnpe. It is easily ground to a fine red powder. It is very 

 soluble in water and alcohol, and in hydrochloric and sulphuric acids; 

 li\it only slightly K.. in (In -r. I'M^inr. iodine, and bromine decompose 

 it. It may be heated to a temperature of 245 Kahr. without injury ; a 

 higher heat causes decoiniwitii/n. Nitric acid very readily attacks it, 

 a mixture of oxalic and nitrococcusic acids being produced. [Nrrno- 

 coccugrc ACID.] The alkalies combine with ranninic acid, forming 

 rich purple colours, soluble in water, but not in alcohol. The al'. 

 rarths produce purple precipitates, and sulphate of alumina and am- 

 uioiiia carries down a beautiful crimson lake from solutions of tliix 

 acid. It may also be made to combine with lead, cupper, zinc, and 

 silver. 



CARMKflC ACID. [CAiurmt.l 



CAKMUFELLIC ACID (C,,H M 0.,). An organic acid, wld to be 



