IT 



CARPET MANUFACTURE. 



CARRIER. 



moral when Oie waft is formed, by ingeniou* mechanism attached 

 to the loom. We bare adverted to the attempt* mad* to dye or print 

 carpet* in the loom. On* each U practieed under a patent obtained * 

 few years ago, in ord*r to prodno* diffcreotly-ooloured spot*, square*, 

 or stripe*. by proeassas independent of the wearing. The warp-thread* 

 are arranged aid* by Hide in a peculiar frame, ao aa to form an even 

 horizontal layer ; and in that state they are drawn tightly over a 

 printing table, and printed in colour, in the unial way. When theae 

 thread* an applied to wearing, a pattern ia produced by a variation of 

 the colour* in each thread, in addition to the primary pattern which 

 reeulta from the weaving process. 



The power-loom is now largely employed in the carpet manufacture. 

 Mr. Croaaley, chief partner of the eminent firm before mentioned, com- 

 monkatod a few important fact* on thia subject to the Society of Art* 

 in 1856. tending to ahow that machinery does not always produce the 

 ilhailrniii effect* on wage* which workmen are ao prone to apprehend : 

 " When the Great Exhibition opened in 1851, Meaan. Croaaler had no 

 power-loom* at work for the carpet-manufacture; they paid 14)rf. n 

 yard for wearing velvet carpetting by hand. When they introduced 

 the power-loom, they paid Ztf. a yard for weaving the same good* : it 

 being done, too, much better Umn when 14 J</. w* paid. The reduction 

 in price [wage* per pieee ?] waa enormous; and yet at thi* reduction 

 the weaver* earned, on an average, twelve per cent more by power 

 than they had by hand, for the same number of hours' work. A re- 

 duction was made in the [price of the] good* in proportion to the 

 aaving effected in the weaving ; and he (Mr. Oossley) would undertake 

 to aay that no one of the men now at work at power-loom weaving 

 would accept hand-loom weaving at 14Jrf. if it were offered to them, 

 unlee* their power-loom* were taken from them. During the year 

 1851,Me*ara. Croaaley paid for wagea on an average ISO/, a day, or 90W. 

 per week ; but during the year 1856, they paid on the average 250/. 

 a day, or 16001. per week." Theae comparative figures may, however, 

 relate simply to the extension of badness, and not to any higher wages 

 earned per man. 



We may briefly notice an apparatus patented for cleaiimng carpet*. 

 The carpet is coiled on a horizontal roller, from which it travels to 

 another roller, by means of a web to which it is attached by metal 

 eyelet boles. A number of beaters or flails are affixed to the surface 

 of a large cylinder above the carpet ; by means of tnppete, catches, 

 ex centric*, and springs, the beaters are made to give a succession of 

 mart blows: the carpet progressing, and the cylinder revolving. 

 Farther on are two small cylinders, provided with radial brushes, which 

 brash both side* of the carpet a* it passes between them. A crank 

 handle turns the whole mechanism. If the carpet require more 

 -f-...;.^. than beating and brushing can give it, it passes over a cylinder 

 heated within, and is rubbed by a brush moistened with scouring 

 liquids. 



There are no data from which the extent of the carpet manufactured 

 may be determined It was supposed by persons engaged in the 

 manufacture, about the year 1835, that the carpet-looms in Great 

 Britain amounted to about 4000 ; and that the value of carpeta made 

 in the year was about one million sterling. In the Board of Trade 

 returns, carpet* are combined in the same entry with blanket*, flannel*, 

 and " mixed woollen stuff*," in such a manner that the amount of the 

 exportation of carpeta alone is not shown. 



The carpet-weaver* have made a laudable attempt to introduce the 

 system of arbitration between masters and men, in the event of trade 

 dispute*. To leaaen the loss and annoyance of strikes and combinations, 

 several of the matter* signed a bond of union, binding themselves to 

 observe an equalisation of wages, and agreeing that no one of them 

 abould be allowed to reduce below a certain tariff without the consent 

 of all. The workmen feared at first that this was a masters' combi- 

 nation against them ; but gradually a better feeling sprang up. Nearly 

 thirty firm*, and more than two thousand workmen, had joined this 

 conciliation-parliament (a* it was sometime* called) by the year 1855, 

 chiefly confined to the counties of York and Durham. The masters 

 used to hold a meeting annually, to agree about wage* and prices ; the 

 workmen were informed of the date and place of meeting ; they elected 

 delegate* from the several carpet-factories ; the masters and the dele- 

 gate* sat in different room* ; each body, or " house," presided over by 

 a chairman, deliberated on the state and prospect* of the trade ; and 

 the two chairmen were made the moan* of communication when any 

 proposition* ware to be made on either side. When Lancashire was 

 agitated by the Preston strike, in 1854, Mr. Henderson, an extensive 

 carpet manufacturer at Durham, wrote a letter in which he showed 

 the effect* nf arbitration in bringing harmony into the carpet trade, 

 and advocated the policy of a similar proceeding in the cotton manu- 

 facture: "Before 1889, victory went at one time with the masters, 

 and at another time with the mm. Feeling* of injury and mistrust prc- 



truggle became 



railed ; and in nome instance* the struggle 



so violent, that the 



IUHliri had to apply to the police for protection of their live* 

 and properties, both by day and night. I have heard the late Mr. 

 Howard of Leed*, and other large manufacturers, say, that the struggle 

 with their workmen had coat them everything but their live*." Then, 

 of the altered state of things produced by the ' carpet-parliament,' ho 

 amid. For the bat fifteen year, the delegate* have only once retired 

 with dissatisfaction, and npon that occasion they prayed the masters to 

 their verdict; tin master, immediately held another 



meeting, and arranged the diaputed point to the attisfaction of both 

 parties. Binoe 1839, fire strike* hare occurred in distant district* ; in 

 each of these case*, the master* of the north of England succeeded in 

 effecting a settlement ; and while they have obtained the friend 

 those distant mitten, they have repeatedly received the thank* of the 

 man." The member* of the ' lower house ' of thia curious parliament, 

 the workmen, themselves sent a letter to the Lancashire ootton-apinnar* 

 during the Preston txrike, describing the benefit which had accrued to 

 the carpet-trade, and suggesting conciliation instead of hostility aa the 

 best strategy in the cotton-trade also. 



CARPOBA'LSAMUM, a kind of volatile aromatic oil, said by 

 to be furnished by the Baltamodendron. d'iUadente. It U produced by 

 the nut*, which have a fleshy kernel yielding the balaam by simple 

 expression. It should be employed while recent, otherwise it loses ita 

 odour and become* inert. 



CARRAGEENIN. Irish moss (Ckondna crupta), contains a kind 

 of vegetable jelly or pectin, which is thought to be peculiar, and to 

 which the name carrageenin ha* been given. It i* distinguished from 

 gum by its aqueous solution not being precipitated by alcohol, from 

 starch by giving no blue colour with iodine, from animal jelly by 

 giving no precipitate with tincture of galls, and from pectin by not 

 being precipitated with acetate of load. Herberger found IrUh moas 

 to contain the following ingredients : 



Camgeenin ... 

 Mucus .... 



Two mini . . . 

 Fatty matter and free acid* 

 Chlorides of tedium and calcium 

 Sulphate of putsch 

 Iodine or bromine 

 Water and Ion . 



. 79-1 



. . 9-5 



' 



. . trace*. 



. 10-7 

 100-0 



CARRIAGE. [STAGE CARRIAGE.] 



CARRIER is one who undertakes for lure the conveyance of goods 

 or passengers for any one who employs him. But a mere carrier of 

 pauengen is not a common carrier according to the legal meaning of 

 that term, this term comprehending those only who convey goodt, 

 either by land or water ; as, for example, mail contractors ; the pro- 

 prietors of a common stage coach or waggon ; the owner or master of 

 a general ship ; or a wharfinger who undertakes to convey goocl- 

 his wharf in his own lighters. So a railway company are common 

 carriers. And a carrier is held to be a common carrier, and liable as 

 such, although one of the termini of hi* journey be out of England. 



I. The liability and dutiet of carriert, at reyardt the conveyance of 

 pattengert. 



By the common law, a carrier of passenger* U bound to take care 

 that his carriages and engines, or his coach, harness, and horses are 

 roadimrthy, that U, sufficiently secure to perform the journey he 

 undertakes ; and he will be liable to moke compensation to any pas- 

 senger who is injured in consequence of any insufficiency in this 

 respect. And the fact of an accident hapjieuing to a passenger while 

 the carriage iu which he was being conveyed, was exclusively under 

 the management of the carrier or his servant*, is primd facie, sufficient 

 to entitle him to claim compensation against the carrier ; so that the 

 burden of proof is thrown upon him to show, that the injury was 

 the result of on inevitable accident, and that the goodness a 

 vehicle and the skill and care of his servant* were unimpeachable. 



But if the passenger be injured by reason of an accident which wa* 

 inrrita/Jr, the carrier will not be liable. For a carrier of passengers 

 doe* not warrant their cafe conveyance; but merely undertake* that, 

 as far as human care au<l foresight can go, lie will provide for the 

 same. 



II. The liability of earner* at regardt the conveyance of goodt. 

 Carriers of good* are subjected to a greater degree of responsibility 

 than mere bailees for hire [BAH.XEXT], and that responsibility is 

 more extensive than it is in the case of carriers of passenger*". By the 

 ancient custom of the realm (which i part of the common law), ,1 

 common carrier of goods for hire i, in general, not only bound to 

 receive goods tendered to him for carriage, if he have room in his 

 conveyance; but he absolutely insure* their safety, against M>. 

 accident ; and he is therefore liable for their loss, though he be robbed 

 of them by a force which li< rcsii<t. There are, however, 

 by the common law, three exceptions to this extensive liability : 

 1st, loss arising from the aggression of the Queen'* enemies ; 2nd, loss 

 arising from the act of God, such as storm, lightning, or tempest ; 

 and 8rd, loss arising from the owncr'a own fault, for example, by 

 imperfect packing. So a con.: may limit hi reeponaibUity 

 by entering into a special contract with his customer. But in the case 

 of a railway or canal company, the customer will not be bound by any 

 condition or contract which is not in law just and reasonable; and 



in not evidenced by being signed by the customer, or 1 

 person who delivers the goods for carriage. (17418 Vic. c. 31, s. 7.) 



Formerly, where there was no special contract with the eusioi 

 was the practice of carrieri! to endeavour, by means of notices, to 

 lessen the extensive liability which the common law cast nj.-.i 

 The notice* they were in the habit of giving usually stated, in substance, 



