TF.BLAXclli: 



CARTOON. 



831 



of the prong*, and be stuck into the ground vertically by the 

 the row* ; by |iarilifl down the handle the carroU come up without 

 injury. It eoU 18*. to 2U. per acre to dig up a good crop. The 

 plough i ixnnrtiuini used after the coulter hai been removed; but 

 with all the care of the ploughman, the plough and the hone* will cut 

 and bruin many of the finest carrot*. CarroU may be kept all winter 

 to dry cellan, If they are protected against the frost. The more com- 

 mon way is to (tore them with straw in long trenched, like beet. 

 | BEET.] The produce of cattle-carrot* on good light land may be 10 

 tons per acre, and they do not impoverish the land no much as 

 potatoes. From twenty to forty pound* of carrots, with oats, is a 

 sufficient allowance for a hard-working horse for twenty-four hours. 

 Where hay U scarce, it u a most economical substitute. 



In Brittany they have an ingenious method of getting several acres 

 of land trenched by the plough and the spade at the same time, for the 

 growth of parsnips and carrots. The different farmers join to bring, is 

 many labourers together as will dig out a furrow as rapidly as the 

 plough can draw it : they divide the whole length of the field equally 

 among them. As soon an the plough hag made a furrow, the men 

 trench the bottom of it with their spades nine or ten inches deep, 

 throwing the earth over the furrow slice List turned ; on the return of 

 the plough the next slice is turned into the deep trench and imme- 

 diately covered by the spades as before. Thus an acre is readily 

 trenched in one day to the depth of fifteen or eighteen inches, and all 

 the weeds are buried : carrot or parsnip seed is sown on the surface 

 and slightly harrowed in. The common mode of ploughing in stitches 

 in the most convenient for this ]M'r:itioii, a each man will only have 

 to move from one side of the stitch to the other immediately after the 

 plough has pawed. But a second plough following in the furrow made 

 l>y the first will do the work equally well, and at lew expense. 



If carrots are cut in pieces and steamed, they become more nutri- 

 tious, and the expressed juice made to ferment affords by distillation a 

 very good and wholesome spirit. Sugar may also be extracted ; but 

 the carrot is inferior to the beet in this respect. 



CARTE-BL. \\CHK (literally, white card) is a paper signed, and, if 

 neceosary, sealed by the party against whom it is to be used, but (with 

 t li<- i xception of the signature and Heal) blank ; in order that it may be 

 tilled up with such conditions as the party to whom it is delivered 

 may prescribe. Thus, when Ch.irleH I. was about to be condemned, his 

 .-n. I'rince Charles, sent to the Parliament a blank paper signed and 

 sealed by himself, in order that they might dictate their own terms for 

 saving hin father's life. 



The term is often used to express an unrestricted authority dele- 

 gated by one man to another; thus a general is said to have carte- 

 liliiii" In- from his sovereign when he has leave to carry on the war at 

 his own discretion. 



< A l:Tll. \.M1N (C-.H..O,,). The floret* of the taftouxr, or Car- 

 lliamm linct'iriia, a plant of the natural order t'limpntita:, contain two 

 colouring matters : one, extracted by water, is yellow, and quite unim- 

 l>ortant ; the other, insoluble in water, is red, and is called car/A// . 

 riiil/niinic arid. It is beat obtained pure by first washing the florets in 

 weak vinegar, to extract the yellow colouring matter, and then digesting 

 them in a dilute solution of carbonate of soda, which dissolves out the 

 carthauiin. From thin solution it may be precipitated on flocks of 

 cotton wool, placed for that purpose in the liquid, by acetic acid or 

 lemon-juice. From these, after washing, it may be obtained by re- 

 digectii'ii in dilute- carbonate of soda solution, and re-precij.it.tti..n by 

 W.-mhed and dried, it presents the appearance of a brilliant 

 I amorphous ]x>wdcr, of metallic lustre. In thin layers, by trans- 



mitted light, it appears a rich red-purple. \Vlu-n moist, it brownx 

 turmeric paper. It in insoluble in water or acids, slightly so in ether, 

 and more so in alcohol, yielding a beautiful purple liquid. It is very 

 -lnble in alkalies. 



!-.wer i largely used as a dye, on account of the carthamin it 

 contains. The colour is very beautiful, but fugitive. 



l'ik tauctrt, sold at colour-shops, for dyeing silk, tec., are prepared 

 with carthaniin. 



ti/Jf roiiye is usually carthamin mixed with powdered 1 

 chnlk. 



Chinne card ruugt is a small folded card, apparently covered with 

 carthamate of soda, colourless at lust, l.ni, nibbed on the skin, is 

 then decomposed by the acid secretion*, producing a beautiful n>.-y 

 tint. 



( AKTMI'SIANS. Tli.- Carthusian monks wcic a branch of the 

 Benedictine*, whom rule, with the addition of a great many austerities, 

 they followed, linino. who was born at Cologne in Germany, first 



tod the order at Cbartreux, in the diocese of Grenoble in i 

 n1mt A.D. 108t> ; whence th" monasteries of the Order, instead of 

 Chartreux-houses, were in England corruptly called Climtcr-liuutri. The 

 ml*- of the Carthusians, which is said to have been confirm, d by I'"|K- 

 Al.-xander III. as early 1174, was the most strict of any'..f tin 

 religious orders, the monk* never eating flesh, and being obliged to fast 

 on bread, water, and salt one day in every week : nor were th<-y JHT 

 uiittod to go out of the bounds of their monasteries, except their priorx 

 and procurator*, or proctors, and they only njion the necessary attain* of 

 the respective house. 



Tin- Carthusians were brought into EngLind in 1180 or 1181, by 

 King Henry II., aliunt as early m their establishment at Grenoble, 



..ml had their first house at Witham, in Somersetshire. fBtxr.- 



DKT1XE8.1 



CARTOON, from cnrta, paper, earttmr, large l*per, Ital. ; a word 

 used by artiste to signify the full-sized drawings or studies made in 

 chalks, or in body-colour (tempera, as it is called in Italy), preparatory 

 to executing any great work either in oil-colour or fresco. C' 

 are also made when the design is to be copied in tapestry. 



The preparation for making cartoons is very simple : Several 

 of paper are pasted together at the edges, and then strained on a frame 

 of the size required. Sometimes the surface is , - ..it is, washed 



with a general colour or ground, but more frequently the paper is left 

 in its natural state, and the drawing is made either in chalks 

 above stated, in ditttmper. When only two colours are used, a- 

 and white, or brown and white, it is called " in chiaroscuro," that , is, 

 light and shade. The cartoon being finished, it is transferred cither by 

 laying it upon the canvas on which the picture U to be painted, and 

 tracing the lines through with a hard point (powdered charcoal, or 

 black lead, or chalk, being first nibbed on the back of it, or on 

 placed between it and the canvas); or lines are drawn over it per 

 pendicularly and horizontally at equal distances, and exactly 

 sponding lines or squares being made on the canvas, the parts of the 

 cartoon are carefully copied into them, and the colouring is then com- 

 menced. The injury which thcdrawing of lines, over it mi^ht .1 

 cartoon may be avoided by straining threads across it from pins at the 

 required distances round the frame. In fraco painting the pla- 

 which the work is to executed must be wet, and only a small ] 

 can therefore be completed at a time ; the transfer of the cartoon I- 

 effected here in small compartments, either by tracing OB much as the 

 artist means to finish, or by pricking the lines through. 



The great masters seldom commenced any extensive picture without 

 first making studies or cartoons in chiaroscuro. Many of tlmse by 

 Raffaelle, Andrea Mautegna, Domenichino, the Carracci, and others 

 remain to attest the laborious diligence and care with which t lj. i 

 works were accomplished. By this means the composition, di. 

 expression, and light and sliacle, were all perfected before the colouring 

 of the picture was attempted, and as these may be sai;l i 

 the highest qualities of art, the schools that chiefly attended to tin 'm, 

 namely, the Roman, Florentine, and Bolognese, are eminently distin- 

 guished for their araatl style. 



The finest specimens of cartoons that are known are those ex. 

 by Raffaelle d'Urbino, for Leo X. in 1615-16, and which were sent to 

 Flanders, to be copied in tapestry, in two sets. One was intended for 

 the decoration of the pontifical apartments in the Vatican; the other 

 as a present from the pope to Henry VIII. of England. The tap 

 (only shadows of Kaffoelle's exquisite designs) were finished (tl> 

 set being hung up for the first time in the Sistine Chapel on the 'JtJth 

 of December, 1519), and one set is now in Home. The other t 

 England till the death of Charles I., when it was pureha~.il and 

 carried to Spain by the Spanish ambassador. A few years ago tl 

 was. purchased from the family of tile Duke of Alva, by Mr. Tnppcr 

 the British consul, who brought them to London and publicK 

 bi tedt hi-iii ; but failing to find a purchaser they were can 

 the Continent, and eventually, at the suggestion of Chevah 

 purchased for the Berlin Museum. 



The cartoons, originally twenty-five in number, were left nr;. 

 at the tapestry works at Arras, in the Netherlands, and in 

 seem to have been lost or destroyed. A few, however, escaped t.hi-, 

 fate, and seven are now at Hampton Court. Their hi.-tor\. 

 since their arrival in England, is eventful. They wei. 

 Flanders by Rubens for King Charles I., with a view to their 

 as patterns for the tapestry works at Mortlake. They were cut in 

 sli])S and packed away in boxes; but they do not appear to haxc be, n 

 removed from Whitehall. At the dispersion and sale of th- 

 collection the cartoons I t" the country by purchase, by 



Cromwell's particular command: at which time, we are told, the 

 triumphs of .Inli.i \- Andrea Mantegna (still preserved at 



Hampton Court) were valued at 201 MI/., while the cartoons o 

 were estimated at only 30(W. In the reign of chai . 

 again consumed to negleet. It is indeed said by Richardson, that 

 Charles was only prevented by the representations of tin- K.u I of 

 l>anby, from wiling them to Louis XIV.. who was anxious to purchase 

 them I'm hi" t.i|..-tiy works. Charles II. re-established tin- works at 

 Mortlake. and Hie i ,n to. 'ii- were :-, ni (lure, and theie were left un- 

 regarded. When William 111. wished to have them hmif,' up they 

 were found to be seriously injured, but the kiiif,- dii.-rt, ,111, my i'o,.ke, 

 a painter of some re].ntat i,.n in his day, to repair them and to 

 them on canvas. William also employ*! Wmi to design a galli 

 Hani], ton Court for their reception, i" "hi. I. th, \ i,-main,-d till 1764, 

 ...,r^e III. lemovr.l them to Buckingham Palace: and in 1787 

 to Windsor C.i. 1 1, . They were, in 1814, again removed to Hampton 

 Court, where they now are. 



The cartoons represent the following striking subjects from the New 

 Testament : 



Paul preaching at Athens. 



nth of Ananias. 



K'.MiiaK the sorcerer struck with blindness. 

 Christ delivering the keys to St. Peter. 

 1 ystra. 



