877 



CATHOLIC CHURCH. 



CATTLE. 



laid down, much less into any statement of the grounds on which 

 Catholics hold them, as we purposely refrain from all polemical 

 discussion. 



Such is the doctrinal code of the Catholic Church; of its moral 

 doctrines we need not say anything, because no authorised document 

 could be well referred to that embodies them all. There are many 

 decrees of popes condemnatory of immoral opinions or propositions, 

 but no positive decrees. Suffice it to say, that the moral law, as taught 

 in the Catholic Church, is mainly the same as other denominations of 

 Christians profess to follow. 



Of the disciplinary or governing code we have already spoken, when 

 we observed that it consisted of the Canon Law, which, unlike the 

 doctrinal and moral code, may vary with time, place, and accidental 

 circumstances. 



III. Our last head was the essential or constitutive principle of the 

 Catholic Church. By this we mean that principle which gives it indi- 

 viduality, distinguishes it from other religions, pervades all its insti- 

 tutions, and gives the answer to every query regarding the peculiar 

 constitution outward and inward of this Church. 



Now, the fundamental position, the constitutive principle, of the 

 Catholic Church, is the doctrine and belief that God has promised, and 

 consequently bestows upon it, a constant and perpetual protection, to 

 the extent of guaranteeing it from destruction, from error, or fatal 

 corruption. This principle once admitted, everything else follows. 

 1. The infallibility of the Church in its decisions on matters concerning 

 faith. 2. The obligation of submitting to all these decisions, inde- 

 pendently of men's own private judgments or opinions. 3. The 

 authority of tradition, or the unalterable character of all the doctrines 

 committed to the Church ; and hence the persuasion that those of its 

 H, which to others appear strange and unscriptural, have been in 

 handed down, uncorrupted, since the time of the apostles, who 

 received them from Christ's teaching. 4. The necessity of religious 

 unity, by perfect uniformity of belief; and thence as a corollary the 

 sinfulnesii of wilful separation or schism, and culpable errors or heresy. 

 fi. Government by authority, since they who are aided and supported 

 by such a promise must necessarily be considered appointed to direct 

 others, and are held as the representatives and vicegerents of Christ in 

 the Church. 6. The papal supremacy, whether considered as a neces- 

 sary provision for the preservation of this essential unity, or as the 

 principal depository of the divine promises. 7. In fine, the authority 

 of councils, the right to enact canons and ceremonies, the duty of 

 repressing all attempts to broach new opinions : in a word, all that 

 system of rule and authoritative teaching which must strike every one 

 a the leading feature in the constitution of the Catholic Church. 



The differences, therefore, between this and other religions, however 

 complicated and numerous they may at first sight appear, are thus in 

 truth narrowed to one question ; for particular doctrines must share 

 the fate of the dogmas above cited, as forming the constitutive prin- 

 if the Catholic religion. This religion claims for itself a complete 

 consistency from its first principle to its last consequence, and to its 

 least institution, and timls fault with others, as though they preserved 

 forms, dignities, and <1> >ctrines which must have sprung from a principle 

 by them rejected, but which are useless and mistaken the moment they 

 an' disjoined from it. Be this as it may, the constitution of the 

 Catholic Church should seem to possess, what is essential to every 

 moral organised body, a principle of vitality which accounts for all its 

 fictions, and determines at once the direction and the intensity of all its 

 functions. 



To conclude our account of the Catholic Church, we will give a slight 

 view of the extent of its dominions, by enumerating the countries 

 which profess its doctrines, or which contain considerable communities 

 iimler its obedience. In Europe, Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, Bel- 

 gium, the Austrian empire, including Hungary, Bavaria, Poland, and 

 the Rhenish provinces of Prussia, which formerly belonged to the 

 ecclesiastical electorates, profess the Catholic religion as that of the 

 state, or, according to the expression of the French charte, that of the 

 majority of the people. In America, all the countries which once 

 formed part of the Spanish dominions, both in the southern and 

 northern portion of the continent, and which are now independent 

 states, profess exclusively the same religion. The empire of Brazil is 

 alM Catholic. Lower Canada, and all those islands in the West Indies 

 which belong to Spain or France, including the republic of Haiti, pro- 

 ! ie Catholic faith; and there are also considerable Catholic com- 

 munities in the United States of North America, especially in Maryland 

 ami Louisiana. Many Indian tribes, in the Canadas, in the United 

 in California, and in South America, have embraced the same 

 faith. In Asia there is hardly any nation professing Christianity 

 which does not I'ont'iu 1,-irgB communities of Catholic Christians. 

 Tims in Syria tl> *ion or tribe of the Maronites, dispersed 



over Mount Libanus, are subject ^ of the Uouian see, governed by a 

 patriarch and bishops appointed by it. There are also other Syriac 

 Christians under other bishops, united to the same see, who are dis- 

 persed all over Palestine and Syria. At Constantinople there is a 

 lie Armenian patriarch who governs the united Armenians, as 

 they are called, large communities of whom also exist in Armenia 

 i. In the Indian peninsula, including Ceylon, the number has 

 > stimated at 600,000 ; they are governed by thirteen vicars apos- 

 tolic with epicoi>al consecration, being all of them bishops in partibus. 



In China, Tonkin, and Cochin-China, likewise, the professors of the 

 Roman Catholic faith are numerous. In Africa, the islands of Mauritius 

 and Bourbon are Catholic, and all the Portuguese settlements on the 

 coasts, as well as the Azores, Madeira, the Cape Verd, and the Canary 

 Islands. 



CATHOLIC EPISTLES is the name given to the Epistles of the 

 Apostles James, Peter, John, and Jude. They are called Catholic, 

 that is, " universal," according to the original meaning of the word, 

 because they are addressed not to any particular Church or nation, like 

 the Epistles of St. Paul, but to the faithful in general then scattered 

 about the world. St. James addresses his Epistle to the twelve tribes 

 that are scattered abroad, meaning the converted Jews in Judsea and 

 other Roman provinces. St. Peter addresses his first Epistle to the 

 strangers scattered throughout Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and 

 Bithynia. St. John addresses the second of his Epistles to the elect 

 lady and her children, meaning the universal Church and its disciples; 

 and Jude addresses his to the faithful in general. 



CATOPTRICS. [OPTICS.] 



CATTI, a people of Old Germany, who lived between the Rhine and 

 the Visurgis (Weser), as far east as the borders of the Hercynian forest. 

 Tacitus (' German./ 30) describes them as a fierce, hardy, robust race, 

 skilful in their mode of warfare, which partook more of the character 

 of a regular campaign than of that of the predatory incursions of other 

 German tribes. Unlike other German nations, whose chief strength 

 lay in their cavalry, the Catti fought chiefly on foot. The Batavi were 

 a tribe of the Catti, who left their native grounds on account of some 

 domestic differences, and settled in the islands at the mouth of the 

 Rhine. [BATAVI.] The Catti, with the Cherusci, Tencteri, and others, 

 fought against Drusus, who defeated them ; but some years after they 

 defeated Varus and destroyed his legions. In the reign of Tiberius, 

 Germanicus, the son of Drusus, attacked the Catti with a large force, 

 overran the country, and made a great slaughter of them, sparing 

 neither the women nor the old men. (Tacitus, ' Annal.,' i. 55.) The 

 Catti, however, continued in arms against the Romans for a long time 

 after, and we find them under Vitellius aiding the revolt of Civilis, the 

 Batavian chief. They afterwards quarrelled with their neighbours, 

 the Hermanduri, by whom they were nearly exterminated. ('Aniial.' 

 xiii. 57.) 



CATTLE. In its most extensive sense the word cattle denotes all 

 the larger domestic quadrupeds, which are used for draught or food. 

 In the usual acceptation of the word, it is confined to the ox. The 

 rearing and feeding of cattle is a very important branch of agri- 

 cultural industry. Much of the success of a farmer depends on the 

 judicious management of live stock, without which his land cannot 

 be maintained in a proper state of fertility. The breeding and 

 fattening of cattle are generally distinct occupations. It is of the 

 greatest importance to the breeder, as well as to the grazier, to ascer- 

 tain the qualities of each different breed of cattle; to determine 

 which is best suited to his purpose, and which will bring him the 

 greatest profit. 



The domestic bull and cow are probably of Asiatic origin. In those 

 countries where they are now found in a wild state, they are evidently 

 descended from domestic animals which have been let loose, or have 

 strayed from the habitations of man. The Unit, which ranged wild in 

 the Hercynian Forest, and was a dangerous enemy to those who 

 encountered him, appears to have differed little from the common 

 bull. If he was the indigenous wild animal, he was perhaps the 

 original stock, from which our different European varieties sprung, 

 modified by climate and difference of pasture. This, however, is 

 denied by naturalists, who consider him a distinct species, [BisON.] 

 The small Hindoo ox with a hump on the chine, and the African Cape 

 ox, which is used for riding as well as draught, and has no hump, arc 

 both more nearly allied to the buffalo. They are very tame, and more 

 intelligent than the generality of our oxen, owing probably to their 

 being more nearly associated with their masters. Of the cattle on the 

 continent of Europe, one of the principal breeds is the Polish or 

 Ukraine. The oxen of this breed are large and strong, and fatten 

 readily in good pastures. Their flesh is succulent and well-tasted ; 

 but the cows do not readily allow themselves to be milked, and con- 

 sequently are not fit for the dairy. The colour is generally a light 

 gray, seldom either black or white. They are docile when worked, but 

 are not considered so hardy and strong as the Hungarian oxen, which 

 resemble them in colour, but are more compact, and have shorter 

 limbs. The horns are large and spreading, which gives them a formi- 

 dable appearance, and compared with the more improved and care- 

 fully bred cattle, they are heavy and coarse. When they are stalled in 

 winter on hay and roots, they bring a considerable profit by fattening 

 very soon. They are driven in herds from the extensive plains iu 

 which they are bred, and sold to graziers in the adjoining district-) of 

 Germany. 



In the plains of Jutland, Holstein, and Schleswig, there is a very 

 line breed, with small short crooked horns, which appears to be nearly 

 allied to the Friesland and to our own Holderness breed. They are of 

 various colours ; but mouse or fawn colour, interspersed with white, 

 are the most common. Red cows of this breed arc seldom seen. They 

 are good milkers in moderate pastures, and the oxen fatten readily 

 when grazed or stall-fed at a proper age. They are fine in the horn 

 and bone, and wide in the loins ; but they are not considered so hardy 



