

CKI.TIHKIM. 



IT. Si) says, that Belg-.r was the old name of the Cymri, and he quote* 

 Posidouiu*, who call* them Galate or Cumbrian*, while he calls the 

 Gaul* by the name of Olhr. Anunianua Man-clliiuis txv. !') records 

 M a tradition of the Druidi that portion of the (VI Uo came im 

 from beyond the Rhine, and passed afterwards into south I 

 from whence they drove the original Gauls farther inland. The di.-t inc- 

 Uon between Gaul* and Cyinri ha* been perjxAuated, at least in name, 

 down to our day*, in the Gaels of Scotland and the Welsh, the lau 

 guage of the latter being calll C\ mri. an well ai that of the Anno- 

 ricans, or iuluibiUnU of Brittany, while that of the Gaels of Scotland 

 \i called the Gaelic. The Cbnbrl of Mariiu appear to have been a 

 tribe of Cyniri who had settled iu northern Germany, or, according to 

 some ancient writer*, among the Scythian*, and from them came the 

 CeKo-Scythiani, who joined the Cimbri in their westward irrup- 

 tion. (Plutarch, ' Manua.') There i* sufficient similarity between the 

 manner* and institutions of Gauls and Belgians to make them appear 

 cognate nee* : both had a powerful Druidical hierarchy ; both were 

 divided into optimates, or freemen, and the common people, who appear 

 to bare been little better than serf.- ; both were hasty, violent, and 

 impatient (Xiebuhr, ' History of Rome,' vol. ii., where he treats of the 

 Gauls and their immigrations) ; Ixith appear to have been distinct from 

 the Teutonic or German race, as well as from the Iberiiui and 

 Ligurian. 



About 280 n.c. a vast multitude of Celtaj or Gauls invaded Mace- 

 donia and Greece. According to Justin they started from Paumniia, 

 where their ancestor* had nettled long before. It ia probable th.-it t hey 

 were joined by other tribe*, either of Celtic Gaul, or of Cyniri, coming 

 from western Germany, or of both. Justin mentions among them 

 the TectoEages, from the neighbourhood of Toloaa, but his account ii 

 very confused and contradictory. (Compare b. xxiv. 8, with b. xxii. :U 

 The invaders were divided into two great bodies : one under a chief, 

 whom Justin calls Belgius, and Pausanias Bolgos, invaded Macedonia. 

 vpreading terror and denotation everywhere before them. Ptolemteus 

 Ceraunus, king or usurper of Macedonia, having attempted to oppose 

 them, was defeated and killed. They made an immense booty, 

 plundered the temples without ncruple, and then retraced their course 

 homewards. The other host of Gauls, under Brennus, entered M.i.- 

 <lonia the following year, 27ft B.C., and defeated Sosthenes, who, after 

 the death of Ceraunus, had assumed the government of that country. 

 Brennus then advanced through Thessalia, and southward as far as 

 Delphi, with the intention of plundering that rich sanctuary. The 

 Gauls were however put to flight, partly by the resistance of the people 

 of Delphi, and partly, it is said, by an earthquake, which took place 

 during the attack, and which was followed by a fearful storm. These 

 phenomena were attributed to the wrath of the offended Go<l. The 

 attack on Delphi appears to have taken place iu 278 B.C. (i 

 ' Fasti Hellenic!.') Brennus, through mortification, killed him -df 

 The Gauls lost vast numbers in the repulse, and still more in their 

 retreat northwards, being harassed by the hostile populations. Another 

 incursion into Macedonia was made soon after by another host of 

 Uauli, who had not been in the lielphic expedition, but had remained 

 on the frontier* of Pannonia. (Justin, xxv. 1, 2.) After defeat 

 Gettt and Triballi, they were met by Antigonus Gouatas, and totally 

 routed. The remnant* of these expeditions withdrew into Thrace, 

 where parties of Gaul* had been in th habit of making incursions, to 

 the great annoyance of the Byzantine*. [BTZAXTITM, Gioo. Div.] 

 Being however invited by Nicomede* I., king of Bithynia, who was 

 then at war with hi* brother Zytxcthes [BITHYXU. GEOG. Div.] and 

 being provided by the same with boat*, they crossed over into Asia, 

 and effectually supported his claims to the throne. 



They then nettled in the interior of Asia Minor, to the south-east of 

 Bithynia, and occupied a great tract of country, which from them was 

 called Galatia and GallognecU. It was bounded north by Paphlagonia, 

 wett by Phrrgia and Bithynia, south by Cappadocia, and east > 

 padocia and Pontu*. They made frequent incursions into the neigh- 

 bouring countries, btit were checked by Antiochu* I., who defeated 

 them, and was in consequence called Soter or Saviour. Three pi iu.-ip.d 

 tribes of Gaul* arc mentioned as having settled in the country ; the 

 TectoMgea, whose principal town was Ancyra; the Tolistobngi, who 

 lived near the sources of the Songarius, and whose principal town was 

 Pessinu*, famous for it* temple of Cybele ; and the Trocmi, who lived 

 more to the east, near the banks of the Halys. (Leake's ' Asia Minor.') 

 The Oalatd are frequently mentioned in lubsequent history a* merce- 

 naries in the armie* of the kings of Bithynia and of Pontu*, ami also 

 in those nf the later kings of Macedonia and of Syria. They Mem to 

 have had their own kings or chiefs, some of whom are mention's! in 

 history ; among other*, one Cavarus, who acted as mediator between 

 frusta* I. king of BithynU, and Attalu* king of Pergamu*. Sestini 

 has jriren an account of several medal* of Cavarus and <.'!, ; 

 the Gallogneci During the war of the Roman* against Antiochu. III.. 

 the Consul C. Manlius invaded Gallognecia 189 B.C., for win. h )> 

 obtained the honour of a triumph. 186 B.C. (Livy, 88 and 39.) Mithri 

 date* the Great, in hi* wars against Rome, occupied Oalatia, ami w. 

 find the Galatians funning an esscntisl part of his troops. One 

 chiefs, however, DeioUru* by name, forsook the part of Mithridates in 

 favour of Rotmt, In coomquenm of which he wa* acknowledged as king 

 by the Roman Senate. It was for the son of this Deiotanu, called 

 Uo DeioUm* II., that Cicero pleaded before Craw. Alter this 



Galatia became a province of the Roman empire. Several name* of 

 places in Galatia attested the relationship of the new settlers to their 

 western brethren, such as Kcubriga, Tolistochora, Ac. 



The power of the Gauls in Europe was evidently on the dedi: 

 before Cuar'* conquest of their country. They were pressed on one 

 side by tin- l'.dj,",e and the Germans, and on the other by the Iberian*, 

 who had settled in Aquitania. The Gauls of Italy had been aO sub- 

 jugated by Rome. The Romans had also <xv 



Narbo, which originally belonged to the Celtic Gauls. For the name* 

 and localities of Celtic Gaul in Caaar's time, see C.KSAR. in 

 Div.; and for those of the Celts; of Britain, see BRITAXMA. in 

 GF.OO. Div. 



The distinguishing features, both physical and moral, of the ' 

 race, whether Gauls or Cymri, are described by most ancient writers, 

 especially Ceesar, Livy, Diodorus, Appian and Justin; but their 

 account* are not free" from contra' They were men of large 



size, of fair complexion, reddish hair, and fierce aspect; they wore 

 their hair long, with moustaches, but most of them showed the dan. 

 They could bear cold and rain, but not heat or thirst. They v.v 

 and boastful, clamorous and impatient of control, anil quarr< 

 among themselves. Their first onset was fonniilal>!i'. but if once 

 repulsed they easily gave way and dispersed. Their swords were long 

 and unwieldy ; those of the Celtic Gauls appear to have been made of 

 copper, but they bent after the first blow, which gaveagreat advantage 

 to the Romans over them : some of them also used lances with iron 

 heads, and the bow was not unknown to them. The Gauls fought 

 generally naked down to the loins. Their shidds woe large and 

 oblong; but they appear to have been slight and ill contrived for \ 

 tion. Livy (xx. 46) well describes the contrast between the appearance 

 >f the Gauls in Hannibal's army and that of the Spanish mercenaries. 

 Their dress was a striped or coloured jerkin, hose and -tened 



with a girdle in many cases of gold and silver, with an over-con: 

 eolotired. of varied materials for summer or winter. Their government 

 was aristocratic; the optimates or nobles fonnedthe senate or supreme 

 council : the common people seem to have had no political righ' 

 to have been in a state of depression. We find that one more powerful 

 -uch as the Bituriges and .Kdui, exercised, at least for a time, 

 a sort of political supremacy over the neighbouring tribes. 



IP chiefs appear to have been elective, and to have held their 

 office only for a year or two, unless re-elected. The Druids formed a 

 powi -i-fid" hierarchy ; they were interpreters of the law, and judges in 

 civil and criminal matters. The Dniids seem to have 1< 

 ditary caste, though not exclusive, being recruited from the 

 men of noble families who resorted to their academies to study. 

 ( De Hello Gall.' vi. 13) gives a good sketch of the inrtitiii: i. ,! th.- 

 Gauls in his time, whie.li he contrast- with those of the Germans. He 

 says that Dmidism was supposed to have come from Britain int 

 The religion of the ' i ally a sort of theism ; they 1 



idols or images, against which they showed a particular aversion in 

 their invasion of other countries ; they wor-hip]H'd the Supreme Being 

 in sacred grove*. The oak and the misletoe were sacred. They 

 doptcdsome of the gods of the Germans and other n 

 They had also bards, who were not only poets but soothsayer 

 their songs were tran-mitted by tradition. The I in- human 



sacrifices, and they drew omens from certain appearances in the limbs 

 and blood of the victims, and also from the flight of birds. The 

 was resorted to in case of emigration to direct their course. Diodorus 

 (v.) says that the Druids had instruments by which they could bring 

 distant object* either on the earth or in the heavens, near, i t 'them. 

 He tells some wonderful stories of the Celtic or Gauls, which -h 

 little that people were known at Rome even in his time. He says that 

 "those who inhabit farthest north towards Soythia are th. 

 ferocious, and they are said to devour human flesh, like the Britanni 

 who inhabit bin (Ireland)." The CelUe of Gaul had attained a con- 

 siderable degree of civilisation and luxury when < \esar entered their 

 country. They seem to have been acquainted with the Greek language 

 the colony of Massilia (Marseille), and the Greek alphabet 

 was in use among them. Wo do not know of any original Celtic 

 alphabet, nor of any works in their language. Indeed we h 

 knowledge left of the language of Celtic i uppose it to 



have been similar to the i ; .dicof Scotland. The Breton language, like 

 the Welsh. i n dialect of the Cymri language belonging to that great 

 divi-|..n of the (Ylt;c. It was long disputed whether the Basque 

 language was a dialect of the -M Celtic, but it is now generally con- 

 ceded that the two are not related. The remains of the old Celtic 

 language must therefore be sought in the Gaelic, and in the i 

 Irish, which is said to resemble the Gaelic ; and in the Welsh and its 

 cognate dialect, the Breton. These seem to be the only probable off- 

 spring of the Celtic Gaul and the Cymri, Cimmerian, or Cimbrian. 

 For a large collection of authorities respecting the Celtic mid their 

 various branches, see Forbigcr's ' Handbuch der Alten Geographic,' 

 vol. iii. 1848. 



CKl.TIIiK'KI. a people ,,f ancient S|iin, supposed to Imv. 

 descended from (Vita-, who in remote times immigrated from Gaul, 

 and afterwards became mixed with the native Iberians, so 

 resemble in their habits more the hitter than the former [x^ople. The 



I from the right or south-west bank oi 

 towards the interior of Spain. They npi.-.l the highlands 



