CKMETKRV. 



CENSOR. 



cellaneou* kind uch, for example, u are intended for temporary use, 

 for mending article* which hare been broken, or for replacing damaged 

 part*. 



Temporary etmentt are mch ai are uaed for holding article* m-mly 

 .luring the operation* of the workmen, and whieh are easily removed 

 when there U no further occasion for them. Thus, in fixing glow 

 plate* to block* to be ground for optical purpoae*, the following i* 

 recommended a* a useful cement : melt together four ounce* of rain, 

 a quarter of an ounce of bee*'-wax, and add four ounce* of whitening, 

 previously made red hot, while yet warm. Thi* cement will also 

 answer the purpose of joining metallic plate* to be turned in a lathe. 



Cha*en of gold and silver article* rapport and hold their work by a 

 osmeat formed of pitch, rarin, and a very eua.ll quantity of tallow 

 melted together, and thickened by stirring in brick-dust; this cement 

 may also be used for fixing small steel articles on the blocks intended 

 to hold them for polishing. In winter more tallow is necessary than 

 in cummer. Shell-lac is also usefully employed for holding metals, 

 ghuB, or precious stones, while cutting, turning, or grinding them ; the 

 mrt-i or other substance should be wanned to melt the cement. 



J'rrmamtHt ftmtftt are prepared with various ingredients. Thus, 

 supposing ornaments of Derbyshire spar or other similar substances to 

 be injured by being chipped or broken, the parts may be restored by 

 nrfng a cement composed of seven or eight parts of resin and one of 

 beea'-wax, with a little plaster of Paris, melted together. The pieces 

 of apar must be heated until they ore hot enough to melt the cement, 

 and this being interposed, the part* are to be pressed together ; when 

 the ccmeut is used to fill up the place of any small pieces that may 

 have been lost, the quantity of plaster of Paris must be increased. 

 Sulphur also, placed between the heated surface* of broken stones, 

 makes a good cement ; and when little holes are to be filled up, some 

 of the hardened stone should be mixed with the melted sulphur. 



Jewellers, in setting precious stones which have been accidentally 

 broken, cement the pieces together by applying mastich between the 

 fragment*, which are sufficiently heated to melt this resin ; they are 

 then pressed together to force out the excess of mastich. A cement 

 for glass and porcelain is made from a mixture of lime and white of 

 egg ; and the same purpose is also answered by dissolving gum arabic 

 in a little water, adding proof spirit and gum ammoniac. 



Another cement for the same purpose is prepared by mixing three 

 parts of isinglass soaked in warm water for half an hour ; pour off 

 the water and add one part of gum ammoniac, previously dissolved in 

 proof spirit of wine; the mixture is to be heated until a drop of the 

 composition become* instantly stiff by cooling. When used to join 

 broken porcelain or glass, the pieces should be first warmed ; the fluid 

 cement should be laid on with a brush, and the pieces pressed toge- 

 ther ; or, if necessary, tied to prevent their separata >n. 



Japanese cement is said to be prepared by mixing rice-flour intimately 

 with cold water, and then boiling the mixture ; it is white, and dries 

 nearly transparent. It is therefore very useful in the manufacture of 

 curious paper articles, which require layers of paper to be cemented 

 together. When made with a smaller quantity of water, models, 

 ImsU, ic., may be formed of it. 



A cement used for engineering works is prepared a* follows : take two 

 ounce* of sal ammoniac, one ounce of flowers of sulphur, and sixteen 

 ounce* of cast-iron filings or borings. Mix them well by rubbing in a 

 mortar, and keep the mixture dry : when it is wanted, take one part 

 of this powder and twenty part* of clean iron borings or filings, and 

 mix them thoroughly by grinding in a mortar ; add enough water to 

 give a proper consistence, and apply it to the joint*. In this case 

 chemical action goe* on, sulphuret of iron being slowly formed, and a 

 great degree of hardness i* acquired. 



In joining the flanche* of iron cylinder*, a mixture of litharge, red 

 and white lead, boiled in linseed oil, i* made use of. It may be 

 applied spread on flannel or linen, placed between the joints before 

 they are screwed together. The proportion* of the ingredient are not 

 important, provided too much oil be not used, so as to make tho com- 

 position too thin. This cement answer* for the joint* of stone cisterns 

 intended to hold water. 



Coppersmith* lay over the rivets and edge* of the sheet* of copper 

 iu Urge boilers a mixture of quicklime and ox's blood. It must be 

 applied fresh made, a* it soon harden* ; this cement i* both cheap and 



According to If r. Singer, a good cement for electrical apparatus is 

 prepared by melting together about five pounds of resin, one pound of 

 IweVwax, one of red ochre, and about two ounce* of plaster of Paris. 



What is called ' mouth glue,' and the adbeaive composition at the 

 back of postage-stamp* and luggage-label*, are useful example* of a 

 very speedy mod* of oamrating by moistening the curface* on which 

 the adhesive composition ha* been ipruod. 



.1KTK.KY. [lSTBMKT.l 



CKNSKR, a veasel used for burning and wafting incense, from the 

 Fnooh MMMsrr, to perfume. 1 1 was called by the U reeks Thymiatlrion 

 (tviH*T+fMr), MM! by the Romans Thuribulum, and was often made 

 at gold or silver, and enriched with gem*. The censers of the ancient 

 Hebrew* wurn a sort of chafing-dishes, or perfuining-pans, with or 

 without hand!**, wbioh UM high-priest placed on the altar of incense, 

 or carried into tiu saiwtuary. St. John in the Revelation* (v. 8), 

 peaking of the censers held by thg fuur-and twenty elders, calls them 



dishes only, or golden cup* full of incense ; tuch, probably a* occur 

 upon the reverses of the coin* of Simon Maccabeus. Josephus speaks 

 of a very large number of golden consent, made by Solomon for the 

 Temple at Jerusalem. A censer with smoke Issuing from it occurs 

 upon some of the Hebrew silver coins of modern time. Censers are 



U used in the Roman Catholic worship, and are usually carried by 

 acolytes. Censers or thuribles of in.-di.eval date : very 



rich workmanship. They often ..<vur of the 12th century an.i 

 in the form of a church. According to Theophilua the monk, thuribles 

 were directed to be made in the form of a temple, but tl 

 form never appears to have been get: 



(T.Nsolt, the name of one of tho superior magistrates in ancient 

 Rome. There were two officers of this name, re/worn. They were 

 first created A.C.C. 311 (B.C. 443), when the consuls were too much 

 occupied with the concerns of war to allow of their making the census 

 themselves, (lav. iv. 8.) At first they were exclusively of the 

 patrician order ; tho first plebeian who was elected was C. Marcius 

 KutiliiK, A.I-.C. 403 (n.c. 3A1.1 (Liv. vii. 22.) In C22 (ii.i:. 13'J 



Mieiiin*, L. IVinpciu.H and L. Metelhis. (Liv. ' 

 Originally, according to Nicbuhr. vol. ii. S'.ll, the censors were choaeu 

 iiiician body, the curies (curia), and their election was con- 

 firmed by the centuries ; in later times they were chosen by the 

 centuries, and their election was confirmed by the curies ; the centuries 

 also passed the law by which the censors formally received 

 powers ; thus the centuries voted twice . 



At first the censorship lasted for five yearn, but a law was afterwards 

 passed abridging its duration to a year and a half. (Liv. iv. _!!. i Tho 

 office underwent many changes in the time of the emperors. Julius 

 CtCflar acted for several years as Pnefectus Morum, and subset, 

 was made censor for life. Augustus performed the functions of the 

 office, but refused the title. Under Tiberius the censorship was 

 abolished (Tacit. ' Ann.' ii. 33), and no attempt at its restoration was 

 successful. 



M 'hen one of the censors died.it was not the custom to choose 

 another iu his place ; it U true this was once done, but iu the same 

 lustre Rome was taken. Superstitious reasons prevented a re] 

 of the experiment. Accordingly, on the death of one. tl 

 colleague resigned, and two fresh censors were chosen. (Liv. v. 31 ; 

 vi. 27.) Then- duties originally were the administration of the public 

 property and revenues, registering the citizens according to their 

 different orders, and keeping the land-tax rolls. In itself the office was 

 insignificant, but in the hands of influential persons it was likely to 

 become powerful. (Liv. iv. 8.) The rank of tho citizens and the 

 valuation of taxable property were at the disposal of the censors. Tlu- 

 power thus entrusted to them naturally grew with exercise, till in later 

 times it became despotic, Ko order in the state was exempt from 

 their control. They could exclude a senator from the senate-house, 

 deprive an cques of his horse and rank, or remove n plebeian from his 

 tribe. To inspect the manners and guard the morals of the people was 

 a somewhat indefinite commission ; and, though parental indulgence 

 and petty family squabbles seem unsuitable subjects for the inter- 

 ference of the state, it is often difficult to determine whether the 

 actions of the censors were in reality over-rigorous, or onl. 

 scieiitiously strict. (Nicb. vol. ii. p. U'J7.) If a man let his field rnii 

 wild, the censors considered him unworthy of his order, and forthwith 

 removed him from his tribe. But notwithstanding the immense 

 power which they thus exerted over the rights and privileges of a 

 Roman citizen, no instance is found ( thcii having deprived him "i 

 his franchise. When it is said (Liv. viii. 17) that they add. ' 

 tribes to tho old ones, it is not implied that in these cane* they acted 

 on their own independent authority, but only that thiy, and . 

 magistrate, proposed to the people the law which effected the addition. 

 (Nicb. vol. ii. p. 399.) They could no more give the freedom of the 

 city to foreigners, than they could take it from citizens. 



They could go farther than the rank and character of the citizen in 

 ill. ir punishments. Whenever they thought a man deserved it, they 

 culd brand lii;n with public disgrace a stigma corresponding to 

 oVn/ifa at Athens. Hut of this censorial) atiiuy or ignominy at Rome, 

 ere two kinds. It wan indicted by the censors, sometimes in 

 n name and authority, and sometimes in the name of n court 

 of law, whose judgment they only executed. The 

 brand did not disqualify a man for tin- functions of a citi. 



* posta of honour; an appoal always lay, and was 

 sometimes actually made from their *ciitencc to the |-..|,l,. : the censors 

 themselves even went so far as to stigmatise one another. (Liv. xx 

 Cicero mentions (' I'm Cliient' 42, HV)an instance oi 

 who had been ejected from tho senate by L. MvtelliiK ., .,111111*. 



and was afterwards created censor, so that he who hod himself i.ill.-u 

 under the censorian rebuke, actually presided over tho morals of the 

 Roman people, and of those very men who h/ul reprehended him. 

 Thin was never the oaae when the censors inflicted the sentence for n 

 judicial court. That sentence, once passed, they were unn 

 revoke. The administration of the public revenue* was a part of thr 

 husinca* of the censors, and we find them not only establishing tolls 



isu duties in subject towns, but actually fixing I 

 which salt should be sold in Rome itself. They i tlic 



customs and the contract* for public works. They superintended the 

 roads, and took care of the public books and documents. Cases of 



