Ml 



CKSSUS OF THE L'KITED KINGDOM. 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 



711 



from 1801 to 1811, 



thnw several flats or floor*; tad in every ce 



" flat* " in Glasgow nd tome other Soottuh towns were returned as 

 separate houses. In 1851 this WM oorreoted. and the enumentora 

 were instructed that flat* and sets of chamber* mtut not be returned 

 as houses. The returns from Scotland, as from England, are now, 

 therefore, made on a tolerably uniform principle, and are fairly ' avail- 

 able for comparison. The variations in the several English counties 

 and in different districts with respect to the proportion of families to 

 houses is considerable ; but it would require far more space than we 

 can spare to enter upon it. A a rule, in England and Wales, a house 

 U inhabited by one family, the excess in the proportion being mainly 

 caused by the large number of public institutions, hotels, lodging- 

 houses, Ac. The following is an analysis of the families in connection 

 with the house* which they occupy in U subdistricts of England con- 

 Uining 35,876 inhabited bouses, in which were 48,985 families (1608 

 of the houses having the families absent), comprising 242,164 persons', 

 or, on an average, nearly 7 persons to a house 5 to a family. Of these 

 houses, 26,809 contained one family ; 4,789, two families; 1523, three; 

 748, four; 425, five; 224, six; 118, seven; 62, eight; 82, nine; and 

 38, ten families and upwards. This analysis is in the Report carried 

 out with great minuteness into a variety of particulars, but which it is 

 impossible for us here to follow. 



The number of //OKJM in Great Britain in 1851 was inhabited, 

 8,670,192; uninhabited, 166,785; building, 29,194. In 1801 there 

 were 1,882,476 inhabited, and 67,320 uninhabited ; the number building 

 was not returned. The following tables show (1) the number of 

 principal public institutions, of their inmates 35,516 were officers 

 and servants; and (2) the number of persons sleeping in barges, bams, 

 tents, and Teasels. 



Institutions. 



No. Persons. Males. Fcmalci. 



Barracks 174 53,993 44,833 9,100 



. . 740 131,581 65,786 65,796 



Workhouses 



Primal 



Lunatic AM lumi . . . . 

 Hospitals for the sick . 

 Asylums and other charitable '( 

 institutions . . ] 



Total 



257 

 149 

 118 



30,959 

 20,004 

 11,647 



573 40,731 



24,593 

 9,753 

 5,893 



27,183 



11,251 

 5,754 



19,548 



. 2,017 295,856 178,041 117,815 



Persons la barge* 



open air in lints 

 veucU in the ports engaged ) 

 in Inland navigation . / 

 sea-going vessels in the ports . 



Total 



12,924 

 9,972 

 8,277 



8,575 

 43,173 



in. U 



;,j..i 



4,614 



7,730 



41,165 



2,529 

 2,721 

 3,603 



845 

 1,008 



82,921 71,155 11,766 



" The enumeration of the Houteteu Population, unsettled in families, 

 is, however, necessarily imperfect ; and the actual number must 

 exceed the 18,249 returned, namely, 9,972 in barns, and 8,277 in the 

 open air. It is mentioned in one instance that a tribe of gipsies 

 struck their tents and passed into another parish in order to escape 

 enumeration. In 1841 the number of the houseless class was 22,303 ; 

 owing to the more advanced period of the year (June 7) at which the 

 census was taken, many Irish people and labourers were then engaged 

 in the bay harvest" 



From houses and families we ascend to Toma and Corporation!. 

 No attempt was made to classify the smaller aggregates of houses, by 

 denning villages, hamlets, Ac. ; but 17,150 places which have denned 

 boundaries are separately returned in the Population Tables, and 

 each of these is assumed to be a villaye, or an aggregation of families 

 round a church or chapel ; on an average these villages lie at a distance 

 of about 24 miles apart, so that the inhabitants of the country around 

 them, distributed over an area of 5 miles, lie at the average limit of 

 1) mile from the centre, or at the mean distance of six-sevenths of 

 a mile. 



" Great Britain has eight hundred and fifteen towns of various 

 magnitudes, either market towns, county towns, or cities ; five hundred 

 and ri .1,1 1 in Kngland and Wales, two hundred and twenty-five in 

 Scotland, and ten in the Channel Islands. To 21 of the preceding 

 ' villages ' there is on an average a town, which stands in the midst of 

 110 square miles of country, equivalent to a square of 104 miles to 

 the side, a circle having a radius of nearly 6 miles; so that the 

 population of the country around is, on an average, about 4 miles from 

 the centre. 



"The population amounted to 10,656,288 in the 816 towns, which 

 stand on 8,164 miles of area. An average town of 12,963 inhabitants, 

 stands on an area of nearly 4 square mile* ; equivalent to a square of 

 2 miles to the side, a circle 1Mb mile radius, and the population is less 

 than three-quarters of a mile from the centre. 



"The population in the rest of Great Britain was 10,408,189; con- 

 sequently if, for the sake of distinction, the detached houses, the 

 Tillage., and small towns without markets, are called country ; at the 

 pruesnt time the tow* and country populations of Great Britain differ 

 so little in numbers, that they may be considered equal ; for, by the 

 abstracts, 10,666,288 people live in the towns, and 10,403,189 in the 

 country. In the town* there were 6-2 penom to an acre, in the country 



5'3 acre* to a perton. The density in the country was 120 persons in 

 the towns 3,337 persons to a square mile. . . . 



"The 815 towns are grouped around 87 county towns- 

 England, 82 in Scotland, and 8 chief towns, equivalent to county towns, 

 in the Islands of the British Seas. Each of the central county towns 

 was surrounded on an average by eight or nine other towns, extending 

 over an average area of 1 ,067 square miles, equivalent to a square of 

 33 miles to the side ; a circle of 18 miles radius ; and without all 

 for the extreme distance of the Islands in the British Seas they . r. 

 35 miles apart. The population of the county towns of Great Britain . 

 and the chief towns of the Channel Islands amounted to about r,_ 

 in 1801, and to 1,391,533 in 1851 ; in England and Wales the 

 lation of the county towns was about 473,239 in 1801, and !,<>; 

 in 1851. 



This equality of proportion between the town and country popula- 

 tion of Great Britain is one of the "great facts," brought into pn> 

 ininent notice by the present census. The great relative increase of 

 the population collected in the principal towns is another of the mon< 

 important facts which point to a change in the habits and condition ..; 

 the people. Thus, in the 61 principal towns in England and Wales, 

 which in 1801 contained 2,163,698 inhabitants, the population had 

 risen in 1851 to 6,254,251 ; in other words, in 1801, about 24 per cent, 

 of the entire population resided in those 61 towns, while in 1861 vri \ 

 nearly 35 per cent, of the population resided in the same towns. In 

 the seven principal towns in Scotland there resided in 1801, 271,48ii 

 out of the entire population of 1,608,420, or 16'8 per cent. ; in 1851. 

 779,698 out of the entire population of 2,888,742, or 26'9 per cent, : ..; 

 there occurred a relative increase in the 68 largest towns in Great 

 Britain of upwards of 10 per cent., as compared with the increase of 

 the entire population : that is, whereas then ttco of every ten person.-' 

 in Great Britain resided in 68 of the princi]>al towns, uow three out of 

 every ten persons reside in them. The increase of the population <' 

 London and the other great towns was 4,609,525, or 189 ]>er cent, in 

 the half-century; that of the smaller towns and the country was 

 5,770,996, or 71 per cent. The actual increase in some of the great 

 towns was very remarkable. In London the population increased from 

 958,863 to 2,362,236, being an increase of 1,403,373, or 146 per 

 Manchester (with Salford) from 94,786 to 401,326; Liverpool fr..m 

 82,295 to 375,955, its opposite neighbour Birkeuhead rising in tin- 

 same time from 110 to 24,285 ; Birmingham from 70,670 to 232,841 ; 

 Preston from 12,174 to 69,584 ; Bradford from 13,264 to 103,778 : 

 Plymouth from 16,040 to 52,221 ; Southampton from 7,913 to 35,306; 

 MerthyrTydfil from 10,127 to 63,080 ; Glasgow from 77,068 to 329,007 : 

 and other manufacturing, mining, and sea-port towns at a proportion:^ 

 rate. The increase in the population of the watering-places, or town 

 chiefly devoted to pleasure, meanwhile being at least commensurate 

 with that of the towns devoted to business : thus Brighton increase*! 

 from 7,440 in 1801, to 69,673 in 1851 ; and Cheltenham from 3,076 t. 

 35,051. 



Dividing the towns into classes, it appears that " the greater part 

 (3,022,776) of the increase (6,363,660) in the six classes of towns, wa- 

 in London and in the manufacturing towns ; the (1) sea-ports, tin- i. 

 towns which are in mining districts, or are engaged in hardware manu- 

 factures, and (3) the county towns, severally contributed more than 

 three-quarters of a million to the increase ; the increase of the people 

 living in watering-places was 200,164. In the Utter class the rate of 

 increase was the greatest; it was 2'561 per cent, annually. Tin- 

 annual rate of increase was 2'380 in the manufacturing towns, 2'33U 

 in the mining and h:u-dware towns, 2-191 in the sea-porU, 1'820 in 

 London, and 1-609 in the county towns. The annual rate of increase 

 in Urcat Britain during the same half-century was 1'877. The tow n 

 have increased most rapidly in which straw-plait, cotton, pottery, -'Nil 

 iron are manufactured." 



The Density and Proximity of the population are elucidated in tin- 

 Report and the Summary Tables in various ways, and at consider. il.l.- 

 length : here, however, the matter must be treated briefly. The 

 density of population, or, as a recent French authority (Baron de I'rony 

 in the ' Annuaire ') has proposed to term it, the " specific popu! 

 after the analogy of " specific gravity," varies in the 624 districts of 

 Kngland and Wales, .from 185,751 persons on a square mile in the 

 East London district, to 18 on a square mile in that of Bellingham, 

 Northumberland. The greatest density of population out of London 

 in in the Liverpool district, which is 74,446, and the next Birmingham, 

 which is 41,858 on a square mile. Manchester has 11,577, which is 

 less than Leeds, which has 30,886; Bristol, which has 22,858; Ply 

 mouth, which has 20,441 ; Nottingham, which has 19,994 ; East Stone 

 house, which has 19,913; Brighton, which has 18,088; Hull, whirl, 

 has 17,760; Salisbury, which has 11,907; Greenwich, which has 11, 849 ; 

 and Exeter, which has 11,670. The smaller density of Manchester 

 than such towns as Salisbury and Exeter is accounted for in a great 

 measure, by the large spaces covered by the numerous great factories 

 and warehouses ; yet the result is scarcely what would be generally 

 expected, especially as both Exeter and Salisbury are cathedral towns, 

 having considerable open spaces within the city boundaries. But the 

 evidence of overcrowding in these two cities appears much stronger 

 when they are compared with some of the other moat populous manu- 

 facturing towns : Sheffield, for instance, which is among the densest, 

 has 6268, or little more than kiU as many on the square mile aa Salis- 



