713 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 



J14 



bury ; Bradford, which has 2887, or less than one-fourth ; and Black- 

 bum, which has 1333, or only one-eighth. As respects proximity of 

 population, regarding it upon the same hypothesis of equal distribution, 

 we find that the people of England were, in 1801, on an average 153 

 yards asunder, while in 1851 they were only 108 yards asunder ; the 

 mean distance apart of the houses in 1801 being 362 yards, and 252 

 yards in 1851. Or, as it may be otherwise expressed, on the same area 

 the population has doubled the proximity has increased the separa- 

 tion has diminished in the ratio of 3 to 2. In the London division 

 the mean proximity has increased from 21 yards in 1801 to 14 yards 

 in 1851. The following table shows the density and proximity of 

 population in the eleven divisions of England and Wales in 1851, 

 which are arranged according to the order of density : 



To a Square Mile. 

 Persons. Houses. 

 19,375 2,509 

 792 139 

 355 70 



313 63 



1. In London . . . 



VIII. North- Western Division (Cheshire \ 

 and Lancashire) . . . ) 

 VI. West-Midland Division . 

 IX. Yorkshire (nearly the same as all ) 

 England) . . . . j 

 II. Sonth-Eartern Division . 



III. ,, South-Midland Division 

 V. South- Western Division 



IV. Eastern Division . . 

 VII. North-Midland Division 



X. ,, Northern Division . . 

 XL Welsh Division . 



Yards 



asunder of 



People. 



H 



07 



100 



107 



118 

 120 

 124 

 127 

 128 

 142 

 157 



256 

 247 

 231 

 222 

 220 

 178 

 149 



47 

 49 

 43 

 46 

 45 

 30 

 29 



" The divisions in which the line of proximity is less than 108 yards' 

 have a large proportion of town population ; the divisions, of which 

 the line of proximity exceeds 127 yards, contain forests, wastes, fens, 

 or mountains." 



The Islands of the British Seas are noticed more f idly in this than 

 any previous census. Five hundred islands and rocks have been 

 numbered ; but inhabitants were only found on the morning of March 

 31st, 1851, in 175 islands, or groups of islands. Some of the others 

 are, however, occasionally dwelt on by shepherds during summer. 

 Passing over Ireland, which contained 6,551,970 inhabitants, we find 

 that four of the larger islands have each upwards of 50,000 in- 

 habitants : Anglesey 57,318, Jersey 57,020, Isle of Man 52,344, Isle 

 of Wight 50,324. Four others have each above 20,000 : Guernsey 

 29,757, Lewis 22,918, Skye, 21,528, and Shetland 20,936. Two 

 more number upwards of 10,000 : Orkney 16,668, and Islay 12,334. 

 Twenty number between 1000 and 10,000 inhabitants ; fifteen between 

 500 and 1000 ; thirty-seven between 100 and 500 ; fifteen between 50 

 and 100; forty-five between 10 and 60; seven number 10 inhabitants 

 on each; and twenty -five under 10, two of them having only one 

 inhabitant on each. Little Papa, one of the Shetlauds, a woman, and 

 Inchcolm, in Fifeshire, a man. Some of the more remote and smaller 

 islands were now munbered for the first time, and much curious 

 information was collected. 



The number of Sorouijhs in England and Wales having municipal 

 organisation according to the Municipal Reform Act, was 196, with a 

 population of 4,345,269 ; of these boroughs, 1 8 have had charters of 

 incorporation granted since the passing of that Act. There are 89 

 unreformed boroughs. Of the reformed boroughs it is found that one- 

 half of the population (2,220,542) is contained in 17 boroughs, each of 

 which contains more than 60,000 inhabitants. It appears also that 102 

 boroughs, or more than half of the total number, contain less than 

 9,000 inhabitants in each; in the aggregate, 472,551 inhabitants. 

 Eighty-seven boroughs have from 2,000 to 7,000 inhabitants; twenty- 

 seven, from 20,000 to 40,000; eight, from 40,000 to 60,000; seven, 

 from 60,000 to 80,000 ; two, from 80,000 to 100,000 ; and three have 

 200,000 and upwards. 



The 83 royal and municipal burghs of Scotland contained 752,777 

 inhabitants ; only three burghg contained more than 60,000 inhabitants ; 

 one, more than 40,000 ; three, from 20,000 to 40,000 ; fifteen, from 

 7,000 to 20,000 ; thirty-three, from 2,000 to 7,000 ; and twenty-eight 

 under 2,000 inhabitants. 



Several of the most populous and important places in England and 

 Wales are still without a municipal organisation. Among these are 

 the metropolitan parliamentary boroughs of the Tower Hamlets, 

 population 539,111; Finsbury, 323,772 ; Marylebone, 370,957 ; Green- 

 wich, 105,784; Lambeth, 251,345; and Westminster, 241,611; and 

 the towns of Burnley, 20,828 ; Bury, 31,262 ; Chatham, 28,424 ; Chel- 

 tenham, 35,051 ; Dudley, 37,962 ; Huddersfield, 30,880 ; Merthyr 

 Tydfil, 63,080; Rochdale, 29,195; Stroud, 36,535 ; and Stoke-uppn- 

 Trent, 84,027. In Scotland there are no towns containing a population 

 of 1 0,000 which are not municipal burghs. 



One of the subjects most carefully considered in taking the Census 

 of 1851, was that of the Occupations of the People. In the previous 

 decennial enumerations, an inquiry of a similar kind was instituted, but 

 with less minuteness. In 1851, to use the words of the Registrar- 

 General, " It was considered important to extend the inquiry, so as to 

 show, as nearly as was practicable, the number of men, women, and 

 children in every trade and profession ; " and it was further held to be 

 desirable, notwithstanding the great additional labour entailed in ab- 



stracting and tabulating the results, " not only to take out the number 

 of persons of each sex in each occupation, but the numbers at each 

 quinquennial period of age ; for without this information the relative 

 salubrity of the professions, and a great variety of important questions, 

 cannot be determined." The results of the inquiries instituted were 

 embodied in a bulky but very able report, published subsequently to 

 the General Report; and in it the subject is examined as a whole, and 

 in detail from various points of view, and numerous elaborate tables 

 present the results as digested after a vast amount of labour and con- 

 sideration. 



In looking at the tables with regard to the more general results, 

 there are many interesting particulars which become developed. 

 Thus : one-half of the total population is 10,479,738. Now this is 

 almost exactly identical with the number (10,418,989) of those set 

 down under some domestic appellation, as wife, widow, daughter, 

 grand-daughter, sister, niece, son, grandson, brother, nephew, child 

 under tuition at home, child under tuition at school ; that is, persons 

 to whom no occupation whatever is attributed, but who are regarded 

 as dependent on the head of the family for support. Regarded in this 

 light, therefore, just one-half of the population have nothing, and do 

 nothing to earn a living ; they are the home-members of a family ; 

 they may assist in domestic labours, but they do not work at money- 

 getting employments. There are then left half the population, who 

 either possess wealth already accumulated, or exercise their hands and 

 heads in the acquisition of wealth ; of this half, one moiety can, with a 

 near approach to correctness, be divided into five equal parts, thus : 



About 1,000,000 domestic servants. 



1,000,000 employed in preparing the materials for dress. 

 1,000,000 employed in making dress. 

 1,000,000 ordinary agricultural labourers (males.) 

 1,000,000 other persons, male and female, living by farm and 

 field operations. 



Most of these numbers are slightly over the million. If we suppose 

 the two millions of farmers, graziers, gardeners, and in-door and out- 

 door farm-servants of every kind, to be all employed in raising food 

 (and this is not such a wide departure from the truth as to vitiate such 

 general results as we have now in view), it brings us to this conclusion : 

 of the total population, about 21,000,000, there are : 

 Of family dependents, having no definite 



occupation = about one-half. 



Of persons supplying dress, food, or do- 

 mestic service = about one-quarter. 



Of persons employed in all other occu- 

 pations = about one-quarter. 



In preparing their vast tables of the distribution of occupations hi 

 the respective divisions, counties, districts, and towns, the commis- 

 sioners had to determine how many different occupations should be 

 given in each table. In the whole there were 1057 occupations for 

 males returned. These, for the purpose of tabulation, would have 

 been utterly unmanageable ; they therefore, after much consideration, 

 reduced them into 17 groups, or classes of persons having definite 

 occupations, and these they again divided into 91 sub-classes. The list 

 of their principal classes will give some notion of their mode of pro- 

 cedure : 1. Persons engaged in the general or local government of the 

 country. 2. Persons engaged in the defence of the country. 3. Per- 

 sons in the learned professions. 4. Persons engaged in literature, fine 

 arts, and science. 5. Persons returned only as children, or relatiou.t 

 and scholars. 6. Persons engaged in entertaining, clothing, and per- 

 forming personal offices for man. 7. Persons who buy or sell, keep, 

 let, or lend money, houses, or goods of various kinds. 8. Person.-; 

 engaged in the conveyance of men, animals, goods, and messages. 

 9. Persons possessing or working the land, and engaged in growing 

 grain, fruits, grasses, animals, and other products. 10. Persons engaged 

 about animals. 11. Persons engaged in art and mechanical produc- 

 tions. 12. Persons working and dealing in animal substances. 13. 

 Persons working and dealing in vegetable substances. 14. Persons 

 working and dealing in minerals. 15. Labourers and others branch 

 of labour undefined. 16. Persons of rank or property, not returned 

 under an office or occupation. 17. Persons supported by the commu- 

 nity, and of no specified occupation. 



The classification was, in a measure, arbitrary and unsatisfactory, as 

 yoking together occupations of a very dissimilar kind ; but it was con- 

 venient, and, with some modifications, will probably be adhered to in 

 future enumerations. 



The 91 sub-classes were subdivided into the 1057 occupations or 

 employments for males. A separate classification for females amounts 

 to 746 employments. These are, of course, in some cases identical 

 with those of men; in other cases, nearly alike but differently 

 named ; while in others they are wholly distinct and feminine in their 

 character. 



Taking the 1057 occupations for males, just as they stand in the 

 classified tables, the highest numbers are the following, comprising 

 those exceeding 40,000 persons in each employment : 



Agricultural labourers 

 Labourers (undefined) . 

 Farmers . . . 



1,006,728 

 367,472 

 275,676 



