717 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 



718 



number of persons engaged in them, 

 general outline of the result : 



The following is a convenient 



Besides the above, there were 2558 farms of which the sizes were 

 not stated in the returns, making 285,936 farms or farm-holdings 

 altogether. It is found that large farms prevail most in the north, and 

 in Norfolk and Suffolk. The average size of all the farms is 102 acres ; 

 and, taken in the aggregate, they occupy just about one-half of the 

 territory of Great Britain. Two-thirds of the farms are less than 

 100 acres each in extent. About 9000 small farmers seem to hava no 

 labourers except the members of their own families; about 170 farmers 

 employ more than 60 labourers each ; while all the rest have in their 

 service a number varying from 1 to 60. 



Professional avocations, as distinguished from trading and manu- 

 facturing, may be brought together in the following form j 



Persons engaged in the general or local govern- 

 ment of the country : 



Civil Service 



Local service . . . . . . 



East India (in England) 



Persons engaged in the defence of the country :- 

 Army, with pensioners, &c., at home. . 



Navy . . . . . 

 Persons engaged hi religious duties : 



Clergymen of national churches . . 



Other ministers (and not returned 

 under any secular calling) 



Subordinate officers . . . . 

 Persons engaged in law and justice : 



Judges 



Barristers, advocates, Ac. . . . 



Solicitors, attorneys, &c. 



Law students 



Law clerks, Ac 



Persons engaged in the medical profession : 



Physicians 



Surgeons and apothecaries . 



Chemists and druggists . . . , 



Students and assistants 



Miscellaneous ... . . 

 Persons engaged in literature, the fine arts, 

 and sciences : 



Authors, editors, Ac, . 



Artists, architects, Ac. . . . . 



Scientific persons .... 



Professors and teachers . . . . 



Actors and actresses, theatre servants 



Musicians and vocalists 



Engravers 



Carvers and modellers 



Pattern designers 



Draughtsmen 



Medallists and die-sinkers . 



Males. 



38,849 



29,851 



3,774 



Females. 

 1,487 

 1,113 



70,718 

 25,796 



18,587 



9,614 

 6,371 



879 



85 

 3,111 



13,582 

 1,659 



19,149 



2,328 

 15,163 

 15,333 

 3,655 

 2,012 



2,949 



8,609 



496 



34,150 



1,485 



6,081 



5,507 



2,293 



2,161 



597 



489 



751 



118 



536 



22 



71,957 



785 



798 



77 



75 



48 



14 



Supposing that the above may be fairly reckoned as professiona 

 employments, it appears that, on Ceusus-day in 1851, there were 

 344,464 males and 78,467 females thus occupied. These comprise 1 in 

 30 of all the males, 1 in 140 of all the females, and 1 in 50 of the whole 

 population. If we omit the sailors and soldiers from the list of pro 

 fessional men, the ratio will become about 1 in 60. 



Some of the most curious, probably some of the most valuable, tables 

 in the Census Reports are those which establish a comparison between 

 different parts of the country. Large generalisations may be made 

 from the tables which relate to tho whole of Great Britain ; but for 

 comparison and analogy, the sectional tables have a peculiar value o: 

 their own. In reference to a particular department of occupation, or a 

 particular social relation, we may wish to know how far Wales differs 

 from England, and Scotland from both ; how far the 10 divisions intc 

 I. England is separated dill' T DM from another in characteristics 



Bnt the total of the Qnccn's forces, at home and abroad, naval and military 

 effcctirw and non-effective", was 262.S70. 



i what way the 40 English counties, 12 Welsh counties, and 32 Scotch 

 ounties exhibit peculiar characteristics ; by what peculiarities the 623 

 egistration districts or poor-law unions of England and Wales are dis- 

 inguished ; and so forth. The voluminous census tables afford a 

 tore of information on all these local details. 



Of course, when different districts or portions of the kingdom are 



reated separately, the metropolis comes in for the first notice ; the 



ollowing, then, is a rough outline of employments generally in the 



metropolis. Confining our attention, at present, to males, and to males 



nly of 20 years and upwards, we find the following facts : That out of 



he 5,458,815 males of 20 years and upwards in Great Britain, 632,545 



ive in the metropolis ; that the London shoemakers number 26,639, 



nd the London tailors 20,257 ; that there are no fewer than 25,708 



lomestic and inn servants ; that tho commercial establishments are so 



numerous and extensive as to employ 15,135 clerks and travellers; 



hat the coachmen, drivers, carriers, waggoners, draymen, and others 



who drive vehicles through the London streets, number more than 



7,000, besides 14,000 messengers and porters, in addition to railway, 



'anal, and river servants; that there are, for house-work, 21,174 car- 



icnters, 13,817 painters and glaziers, and 16,038 bricklayers and plas- 



erers; that among those who supply us with food and drink, are 9841 



>akei-s, 7428 butchers, 6843 publicans, 6475 grocers, 3372 milk-sellers, 



3325 greengrocers, 2238 fishmongers, and 2156 cheesemongers ; that 



he leather trades, chiefly in Bermondsey, employ 5391 ; that there are 



.3,206 persons employed in printing, binding, and selling books ; that 



the wood-furniture makers and sellers number 13,574 ; and that there 



.re more than 40,000 labourers whose branch of labour is undefined, 



nit who must be distinguished from skilled artisans. 



Let us next still confining our attention to the metropolis glance 

 at the female occupations in a similar way. Among the 5,998,384 

 'emales, aged 20 years and upwards, living in Great Britain, 762,418 

 are in London. Of this number, 316,517 designate themselves 

 simply as wives, and 26,627 simply as widows, and about 40,000 

 as daughters, without any other alleged employment. But of those 

 who appear to earn their living by the labour of their own hands 

 or brains, there are no fewer than 118,855 domestic servants of 

 various kinds, 73,620 needlewomen of various kinds, and 45,754 char- 

 women, washerwomen, and manglers. These, with 25,652 annuitants, 

 .nd gentlewomen of independent means, comprise all the large items 

 among the female adult population of the metropolis ; all the other 

 .terns are, individually, very small. These facts are not without their 

 instruction ; for they show how limited is the range of female employ- 

 ments in London. They show too, that, after deducting those who are 

 [lepeudent on relations for support, and those of iudependent means, 

 there were 330,000 adult females in London in 1851 dependent on 

 their own exertions for their daily bread ; and they show also how 

 large must be the number of families in comfortable circumstances in 

 London, to give employment to nearly 120,000 female servants and 

 45,000 laundry- and charwomen. 



But now let us compare one of the manufacturing counties of the 

 North with London, to ascertain how far a different principle seems to 

 determine the distribution of occupations. We take the cotton-spinniug 

 county of Lancashire. Here we have 539,075 males of 20 years of age 

 or upwards, against 632,545 in the metropolis ; that is, in the ratio of 

 about 85 to 100. Different indeed, however, is the ratio in regard to 

 employments. We have seen that the metropolis contains about 

 26,000 male adult servants, 31,000 drivers and porters, 27,000 shoe- 

 makers, 21,000 carpenters, 20,000 tailors, 16,000 bricklayers, 15,000 

 clerks, 14,000 painters; whereas, in Lancashire, these eight occupations 

 exhibit the numbers 4708, 9127, 15,443, 12,146, 11,346, 7658, 7643, 

 6336 all far below the ratio in respect to total inhabitants. In 

 London there are 35,000 persons in the public service, receiving emolu- 

 ments from the community at large ; whereas in Lancashire there are 

 only 11,000. In London there are 34,000 professional men, engaged 

 in divinity, law, physic, science, and fine arts ; in Lancashire the num- 

 ber is 11,000. In London there are 14,000 persons employed in writing, 

 printing, binding, and selling books and periodicals ; in Lancashire 

 there are 2000. All these numbers, it is evident at a glance, differ 

 widely; London having far more than its ratio of 100 to 85 in each of 

 these employments. But let us turn the tables, and see what are the 

 employments wherein Lancashire takes precedence of the metropolis. 

 Of course, in a county, farmers, graziers, shepherds, gardeners, agricul- 

 tural labourers, and so forth, must be relatively more numerous than 

 in a city ; and thus we need not be surprised to find 56,000 of these in 

 Lancashire, against 14,000 in the metropolis. And, considering the 

 wonderful shipping activity of Liverpool, and the numerous canals 

 which traverse Lancashire in every direction, we may be prepared to 

 expect that this county and the metropolis are not far from equal in 

 the numbers of persons connected with ships, boats, and barges in 

 various capacities ; in the metropolis this number is about 21,000, m 

 Lancashire 18,000 very nearly, indeed, in the ratio of 100 to 85. 

 But it is in textile manufactures, and in minerals, that Lancashire 

 most decidedly takes the lead before London. In Lancashire there are 

 104,000 persons (out of about 540,000) engaged in various departments 

 of the cotton manufacture, against a few hundreds in London ; 7000 

 in woollen manufactures, against a few hundreds ; 21,000 coal miners 

 and labourers, against 5000; 3000 quarrymen, against 500. 



Here it must be borne in mind, that the numbers in the preceding 



