>US OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 



paragraph are of male* only, and male* too who hare reached their 20th 

 year or upward*. A fow parallel entrie. will suffice, relating to certain 

 occupations for adult females : of domestic servant* and nurses there 

 are 135,000 hi London, and 55,000 in Lancashire ; of silk-workers, 

 8000 in London, and 12,000 in Lancashire; of cotton-workers, 1000 in 

 London, and 90,000 in Lancashire. Here we find that one-sixth of all 

 the adult females in London are domestic servants or nurses, and that 

 one-sixth of all the adult females in Lancashire are engaged in the 

 cotton manufacture. 



There are also striking differences in respect to juvenile labour : 

 The metropolis contains 474,013 males, and 493,260 females, under 2( 

 yean of age ; the numbers in Lancashire are 469,749 and 474,735 

 respectively. Now in the metropolis, after deducting 770,000 young 

 persons who are entered only in their domestic or family relations, 

 without connection with any particular employments, there remain 

 about 200,000 who are considered to have some occupation or other ; 

 whereas in Lancashire there are 270,000 having employment ; and out 

 of this number about 120,000 are employed in the cotton manufacture 

 lone that is, 120,000 young persons. In the metropolis, on the other 

 hand, young seamstresses and young domestic servant* chiefly fill the 

 list. 



We turn now to other phases of metropolitan employment. OS the 

 whole 2,362,236 inhabitants, there are, in round numbers, 630,000 

 men, 760,000 women, and 970,000 persons of both sexes under 20 years 

 of age. Of this latter number, nearly 800,000 are under five years of 

 age, and therefore almost equally removed from schooling and occupa- 

 tion. In order to show, then, how far male employments are to be 

 met with in London for young persons, we give the following table in 

 relation to a few occupations : 



Under 30. 20 and upwards. 

 Law clerks .... 1,580 6,401 



Teachers 457 4,885 



Messengers and porters . 19,743 13,471 



Printers, to 3,213 13,206 



Silk manufacturers . . 1,435 8,388 



Cabinetmakers . . . 2,361 13,963 



Gold and silver work . . 1,145 6,419 



Brass work .... 1,066 5,358 



Ironwork .... 2,170 13,604 



Building trades . . . 6,981 59,451 



It is probable that the greater part of the above young persons are 

 apprentices, although the returns do not specify this fact in words. 

 The 19,743 young messengers and porters are evidently the " errand 

 boys," rather a formidable body in London. Taking female occupa- 

 tions instead of male, and noticing the difference of age in a similar 

 manner, we find the following : 



Under 20. 

 Teachers . . . 1,314 



Servants . 

 Needlewomen 

 Silk-workers , 

 Paper-workers 



46,524 



20,288 



2,373 



625 



20 and upward.'. 



11,186 

 138,262 

 124,165 

 8,847 

 1,132 



If we were to name the three meet characteristic kinds of occupa- 

 tions in London for males under 20 years of age, therefore, they would 

 be apprentices to mechanical trades, errand boys, and junior clerks ; 

 and for females under 20 years of age, they would be servants, needle- 

 women, and teachers. 



The Report enables us to follow the subject of the industrial occu- 

 pations of the metropolis in very minute detail, the distributions of 

 trades in particular localities, Ac., but it will be more satisfactory 

 perhaps to occupy our remaining space with a rapid comparison of the 

 occupations of some of the more remarkable districts of the country, 

 or such as illustrate broad general principles of industrial distribution. 

 Take a few of the principal manufacturing towns in succession. 



Birmingham. Here the males under 20 years of age (or, as we shall 

 f..r brevity call them, boys) are 62,640, and above 20 years (men) 

 61,279; the females under 20 (girls) are 53,380, and above that age 

 (women) 65,64.V The leading trades are connected with working in 

 metal. In round numbers 2000 men are employee! in ui.-iking guns, 

 1800 making machines and tools, 2400 working in gold and silver, 3000 

 are brass founders, 1400 button makers, 1200 white and black smiths, 

 1400 iron manufacturers, 400 nail makers. Of the moles under -'". n 

 lest than 7000 are employed in the few metal trades above enumerated. 

 In Birmingham, 1300 young females and 1600 adult females are em- 

 ployed in making buttons, 700 and 1100 in miscellaneous works 

 in mixed metal, 800 and 1200 in miscellaneous iron and steel works. 



Manekater and flalfvrd, In these cotton towns 



Penult*. Toul. 



86,851 -r 89,048 = 176.594 under 20 year*. 

 ]tJM# + 120,821 -- U2.-i.727 20 and upward*. 



191,457 + 209,864 - 401,321 total population. 



Here one single entry, cotton manufacture, comprises enormous 

 numbers 13,257 men, 6692 boys, 14,503 women, 9051 girls, making 

 a total of 42,503, in which the female* exceed the males by 23,564 



against 18,949. Putting the whole of the textile manufactures 

 together relating to cotton, flax, silk, and wool, they appear to 

 employ about 25,000 men, 8000 boys, 20,000 women, and 12,000 girls, 

 exhibiting the remarkably near equality of 33,000 males to 32,000 

 Females more than 1 in 7 of the entire population of Manchester and 

 Jalford employed in making the textile materials for dress, besides 

 12,000 tailors and seamstresses employed in making up textile 

 materials into dress. 



Jfotlityham. Here we enter a bobbin-net and cotton stocking 

 town : 



Main. Female*. Total. 



11,782 + 12,746 = 24,628 under 20 yean. 



14,805 + 18,074 = 82,879 20 and upwards. 



26,587 + 80,820 = 57,407 total population. 



Of these we find stocking-makers, 2469 men, 412 boys, 1588 

 women, 474 girls, making nearly 5000 persons, or more than one- 

 twelfth of the whole of the inhabitant*, employed in this one branch 

 alone. The bobbin-net manufacture employs 1376 men, 517 boys, 

 3277 women, 1902 girls, exhibiting a still more striking total of more 

 than 7000 persons. Of the aggregate 12,000, more than 7000 are 

 females. It is worthy of notice that the hose and lace-workers bear a 

 larger ratio to the population of Nottingham, than Uie whole of tin- 

 textile workers bear to the population of Manchester. 



Alerthyr Tydril. Wo quit hosiery and lace, to turn to iron and 

 coal : 



Males. Females. Total. 



14,357 + 13,628 = 27,985 under 20 years. 



19,650 + 15,443 = 35,098 20 and upwards. 



84,007 + 29,071 = 63,078 total population. 



Under the heading "coal miners," are 1671 boys and 4302 men ; and 

 among iron workers 2038 boys and 6915 men ; making a total of about 

 15,000 workers in these two minerals alone ; these, with 700 or 800 

 females similarly employed, comprise a quarter of the entire popula- 

 tion. Considerably more than half the adult male population of 

 Merthyr Tydvil are workers in iron and coal, employed chiefly in tin- 

 four great establishments of Dowlais, Cyfarthfa, Pcn-y-darren, and 

 Plymouth works. 



Bradford. This busy Yorkshire town introduces us to a wltlly 

 different class of manufactures. The parliamentary borough is some- 

 what extensive, and includes some of the neighbouring villages, com- 

 prising a population of 



Hales. Females. Total. 



22,934 + 24,399 = 47,383 under 20 years. 



27,032 + 29,413 = 66,445 20 and upwards. 



49,966 + 68,812 = 103,778 total population. 



Of these ore entered, under worsted and stuff manufacture, 5381 

 boys, 10,759 men, 7986 girls, and 8780 women a powerful body of 

 about 33,000 persons (nearly a third of the whole population) employed 

 in worsted and stuff manufactures alone. The woollen cloth, the bilk, 

 and the cotton manufactures, occupy perhaps 1000 altogether, showing 

 how insignificant they arc at Bradford. 



Lctdt. The borough contains 



Males. Females. Total. 



88,468 + 88,987 = 77,456 under 20 years. 

 45,246 + 49,569 = 94,815 20 and upw.ir.ls. 



88,714 + 88,556 = 172,270 total population. 



We devote a short paragraph to Leeds, for the purpose of showing 

 how remarkable a contrast may be presented in the industry of two 

 towns situated only about ten miles apart. Bradford and l.'"l- imili 

 work up wool largely ; but Bradford prepares it for stuff or worsted 

 fabrics, while Leeds prepares it for woollen cloth. Leeds has 2920 

 boys, 7640 men, 1710 girls, and 2624 women employed in making 

 wii"llt-n cloth : while the stuff and worsted manufactures barely employ 

 1000. Leeds, however, is a large manufacturing town in other 

 respects ; for it employs about 9000 persons in the flax manufacture, 

 and 3000 in making engines and machines. Relatively to the popu- 

 lation, Huddersficld is perhaps more peculiarly associated than Leeds 

 with the woollen cloth manufacture. 



. This borough, the centre of the silk trade, contains 



Males. Female*. 



8,299 + 8,736 = 



10,242 + 11,772 = 



Total. 



17,084 under 20 years. 



22,01 ( 20 and upwards. 



18,641 + 20,607 = 3,048 total population. 



in" tli.^<\ 2lii-2 1-oys, 4772 men, 2979 girls, and 4339 women arc cm- 

 ployed in the silk manufacture; making an aggregate of about 1 !.."."'i 

 My more than one-third of the ont.in- ]>"]'ii1.ifi"ii. 

 'I'll- in. ilr and females are employed in almost exactly equal numbers, 

 7284 to 7318. 



