711 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 



722 



Sheffield. In this cutlery borough there are : 

 Males. Females. Total* 



31,108 + 31,112 = 62,220 under 20 years. 

 36,392 + 36,698 = 73,090 20 and upwards. 



67,500 + 67,810 = 135,310 total population. 



The works in gold, silver, steel, iron, and mixed metals employ about 

 20,000 men and boys at Sheffield. Females are very little employed 

 in the metal trades, thereby presenting a striking contrast to the 

 arrangements at Birmingham. No fewer than 2461 boys and 7044 

 men are employed in making and grinding cutlery and files alone. 



Glasgow. There are two or three Scotch towns which present 

 remarkable characteristics. Glasgow has 



Males. Females. Total. 



71,474 + 73,593 = 145,067 under 20 years. 



83,455 + 100,574 = 184,029 20 and upwards. 



154,929 + 174,167 = 329,096 total population. 



This busy city is worthy of note for the degree in which it combines 

 cotton working and iron working, two departments of industry which 

 certainly do not seem to have any very necessary bond of connexion. 

 There are 3449 boys, 11,371 men, 9692 girls, and 16,442 women about 

 15,000 males and 26,000 females employed in various branches of the 

 cotton manufacture. Of all the females in Glasgow, in every age and 

 condition, one in seven is employed in this manufacture. In the 

 metal trades, there are 2600 machine and tool makers, 4800 miners 

 and manufacturers, and 5400 other workers hi metal almost wholly 

 males. 



Dundee. This is the great centre of the flax and linen manufacture 

 of Scotland. Dundee contains 



Males. Females. Total. 



17,444 + 17,999 = 35,443 under 20 years. 



18,420 + 25,068 = 43,488 20 and upwards. 



35,864 + 43,067 = 78,931 total population. 



Of these numbers there are 2713 boys, 6161 men, 4300 girls, and 

 6568 women, employed in flax and linen manufactures, being almost 

 exactly one-fourth of the whole population a ratio which certainly 

 appears surprisingly large. Aberdeen is also engaged in these trades, 

 but in a very much smaller ratio than Dundee. 



These few examples^rould perhaps suffice to illustrate the distribu- 

 tion of particular branches of manufacture in the principal towns ; 

 but, adopting v a still more compressed form we will give a few addi- 

 tional instances in the following way : 



At Portsmouth, out of about 35,000 men and boys in the borough, 

 about 9000 are in the public service, and receive pay from the commu- 

 nity ; while there are about 2000 privately employed as seamen or as 

 shipwrights. At Leicester, out of 60,000 persons, nearly 9000 are 

 employed in making worsted stockings and similar articles. At Nurth- 

 ampton, out of 13,000 men and boys, more than 4000 are employed in 

 making boots and shoes, the staple industry of the place ; and at 

 Stafford the men and boys similarly employed are in the ratio of one 

 to four of the whole male population. At Worcester, out of 15,080 

 women and girls, 2133 are employed in making gloves. Of the 25,705 

 men and boys in Wolverhampton , about 7500 are employed upon metals 

 or upon coal ; no less than 1400 make locks alone. In Dudley the ratio 

 is about as high, about 6000 out of 19,093. Coventry is remarkable 

 for two trades, about as diverse as any two can be, ribbon-making and 

 watch-making : out of a population of 36,612, nearly 10,000 persons 

 (of whom 6500 persons are females) are employed upon silks and 

 ribbons ; while 1 700 men and boys are making watches. At Stottpart, 

 1 7,000 persons are employed in cotton manufactures, out of a total 

 population of 53,835 nearly one in three ; at Bladcburit, 16,000 out 

 of 46,536 more than one in three; at Ballon, 14,500 out of 61,171; 

 u/,//,,im, 20,000 out of 72,357; at Preston, 18,000 out of 69,542. 

 Thus, in these five cotton spinning and weaving towns, containing an 

 aggregate of about 300,000 inhabitants, about 34,000 males and 42,000 

 females considerably more than one-fourth of all the inhabitants are 

 engaged in this manufacture. Looking at the distribution of workers 

 in reference to age, we find' that there are about 33,000 children and 

 young persons under 20, and 43,000 adults of 20 and upwards. In 

 Paisley, out of about 31,000 inhabitants, nearly 9000 are employed in 

 various kinds of textile manufacture, of which the principal is shawls. 



Hitherto, in the above paragraphs, we have spoken of distinct towns, 

 each with defined limits and defined number of inhabitants. But a 

 few remarkable manufactures are centred rather in districts than in 

 large towns. 



In Staffordshire, the registration county contains 320,903 males and 

 309,641 females. Now, it is plain, on a little examination, that the 

 main departments of industry whereby these are supported have 

 relation to mineral manufactures; and it is further observable, on 

 comparing the several districts, that while the southern exhibit the 

 metallic and colliery operations, the northern are associated with 

 earthenware manufactures. In short, we have the Wolverhampton 

 region of the south, and the pottery region of the north. There are 

 27,000 males and 1000 females engaged in various departments of the 



ABTS A.ND SCI. DIV. VOL. JI. 



coal trade ; 45,000 males and 7000 females in metallic manufactures ; 

 16,000 males and 9000 females in pottery and earthenware manu- 

 factures. It is worthy of note, that in the two districts of Stoke- 

 upon-Trent and Wolstanton, containing the pottery towns of Stoke, 

 Hanley, Lane End, Delph, Etruria, Shelton, Burslem, &c., out of a 

 population of 51,000 adult males and females, more than 13,000 are 

 engaged in the earthenware manufacture. It would perhaps scarcely 

 be expected that, in South Staffordshire, 5000 women are engaged in 

 nail-making. 



Bedfordshire, containing 62,539 males and 67,266 females, is not a 

 county likely to contain large manufacturing establishments of any 

 kind ; but there are, nevertheless, two or three entries in the tables 

 which deserve attention. There are, we find, 2300 males and more 

 than 10,000 females engaged in the straw-plait manufacture; together 

 with nearly 6000 females occupied in hand-lace making. One-fourth of 

 all the females in the county, of all ages and conditions, are employed 

 in one or other of these two occupations. In Buckinghamshire, con- 

 taining 70,928 males and 72,727 females, the straw-plait trade is smaller, 

 employing only aboxit 3000 females ; but the lace-trade is about as 

 extensive as in Bedfordshire, employing nearly 11,000 females. In 

 Hertfordshire we almost entirely lose the lace-trade ; but the straw-plait 

 employs about 9000 females out of 87,497. In Cambridyeshire there is 

 a little done in these two trades, but only a little ; and in Huntingdon- 

 sliire there are about 1000 females out of 30,295 engaged in the lace- 

 trade. In these two departments of cottage industry, the females 

 employed are of all ages from 5 to 90, chiefly between 10 and 20. 



Worcestershire, for some reason which it is difficult to explain, is the 

 centre of the needle manufacture. At Redditch, in this county, 

 nearly all the inhabitants are supported, directly or indirectly, by this 

 manufacture ; although the steel for making the needles, and all the coal 

 for heating the steam-engines, must be brought from other quarters. 



Cornwall is rich in metals, but has no coals. It has 172,193 males 

 in the (registration) county. Among these are 3000 seamen and 2600 

 fishermen ; but under mineral working, we find about 16,000 copper- 

 miners, more than 10,000 tin-miners, 2500 lead-miners, and about 6000 

 employed in other ways on metals and minerals ; none, however, in 

 coals. There are also above 6000 females engaged at the "above- 

 ground " works of the copper- and tin-mines'. 



Let us contrast this with a county containing much coal, but little 

 metal. Durham (registration) county contains 207,088 males and 

 204,591 females, a departure from the general rule, for here we find 

 more males than females. Now, here are 10,000 men and boys engaged 

 in sea and river navigation ; a very large number out of such a popu 

 lation, and evidently due principally to the navigation of colliery 

 vessels. The number of 4500 ship and boat builders is also large, and 

 points to the busy trade of Sunderland. But a much larger item is 

 that of 29,000 men and boys employed in coal-mining and working, 

 about one-seyenth of the male population. In Northumberland, as 

 might be expected, a somewhat parallel state of things presents itself. 

 There are here 149,515 males ; and of these, about 6000 are engaged 

 in navigating ships and boats, 1400 in building ships and boats, and 

 11,000 coal-miners; the parallelism, it will be observed, is in the nature 

 of the prevalent occupation, and not in their extent, for Durham greatly 

 takes the lead in this respect. 



There are two counties in the western part of the kingdom which 

 we may similarly notice, in respect partly to the iron manufacture, but 

 still more decidedly to coal-mining. These are Monmouthshire and 

 Glamorganshire. Monmouthshire contains 92,301 males and 82,84!) 

 females another example, in a mining county, of the males out- 

 numbering the females. The iron trades occupy 12,000 males, and the 

 coal trade also 12,000 in round numbers : together more than one- 

 fourth of the entire male population. Females are not much em- 

 ployed in these trades in this county. Glamorganshire, containing the 

 remarkable towns of Merthyr and Aberdare and their vicinity, has a 

 population of 125,087 males and 115,000 females. Of these males, no 

 less a number than 15,500 are engaged in the coal trade, and 14,000 in 

 the iron trades. In another Welsh county, Caermarthen, copper 

 manufactures are, in respect to the population, if not as remarkable as 

 iron manufactures in Glamorganshire, at least worthy of note as the 

 staple industry of portions of the country. The explanation of this is, 

 that nearly all the copper ores of Cornwall and Devon are sold on 

 the spot to copper-smelters, who have their works at Swansea or 

 Neath, or some other town in Caermarthenshire. But besides the 

 copper workers there are, among the 125,087 males in this county, 

 14,000 workers in iron, and 15,000 coal-miners. 



Such are a few of the striking results obtained by the Census of 

 1851, relating to the occupations of the people. The entire Report is, 

 however, worthy of the careful study of every person who desires to 

 know something more of the condition of the people, in this hard- 

 working country, than can be derived from vague generalisations and 

 partial inquiries. 



Another subject on which it was sought to arrive at some definite 

 results, and on which a separate Report was published, was that of 

 Rdiijiom Worship. In the Census of 1851, for the first time, the 

 attempt was made to obtain a return of the number of members in the 

 various religious bodies in England and Scotland ; but as, for reasons 

 already mentioned, the answers to the questions proposed were not 

 compulsory, but depended on the willingness of the respondent, the 



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