711 



CERUSE. 



CETYL. 



( KKUSE. [LKAD, CARBONATE OF.] 



CERVUS E'LAPHUS (Hartshorn), Meil'.,. fa /. Th< 



hart or stag is too familiar to require any description. The antlen- 

 shed annually yield the part used in medicine, called Cm'tiu cervinum. 

 the shavings or raspings of which are termed rinnni. or ramfiita, 

 These differ from the hollow horns of oien, and approximate more to 

 bones, from which they are distinguished by having less phosphate oj 

 lime and more gelatine. Merat-Guillot gives as the constituents : 

 soluble cartilage (gelatine), 27*0; phosphate of lime, 57'j ; carbonate oi 

 lime, 1-0; water and loss, 14'5. The gelatine is readily extracted by 

 boiling water, and its abundance is such that one part to two of water, 

 reduced by boiling to two-thirds or three-fourths, furnishes a consistent 

 jelly. This is in general easily digestible, and suitable to convalescents. 

 It may be flavoured with orange or lemon, and wine be added or with- 

 held according to circumstances. This jelly mixed with equal parts 

 of r..w'g milk is said by Dr. Thomson to be useful in irritations of the 

 ive organs of infants. The same good effect will often result 

 from the addition of a small portion of lime water to the milk. 



The phosphate of lime procured by incineration of hartshorn is 

 ordered to be employed in preparing the Pulvis Antimonialis. 



Hartshorn was formerly used as the source of ammonia ; hence it 

 was termed volatile spirit of hartshorn. [AMMOSIA.] 



CERYL (C 5< H 5S ). The radical of eerie alcohol. [CEROTIC ACID]. 



< 'K'SSIO BONO'RUM, in the law of Scotland, is the name given to 

 a process by which, as by the insolvency system in England, the estate 

 of an insolvent person who does not come within the operation of 

 mercantile bankruptcy is attached and distributed among his creditors. 

 Both the nomenclature and the early practice of the system are taken 

 from the Roman law. (' Dig.' 42, tit. 3.) According to the more 

 ancient law, the person released from prison on a cessio bonorum was 

 bound to wear a motley garment called the dyvour's habit. In later 

 this stigma became the penalty of fraud, and it was subsequently 

 disused. Cessio bonorum exhibits, like the insolvency system in 

 England, this important difference from mercantile bankruptcy, that 

 the person who obtains the privilege is not discharged from his debts, 

 but only from proceedings against his person for payment of past 

 debts, his estate continuing to be liable to the operations of his credi- 

 tors. In Scotland, however, the common law means of attaching a 

 debtor's property are simple and effectual, and there does not appear 

 to have been there the same inducement as in England to make the 

 process for the distribution of the debtor's effects an instrument of 

 their discovery. The Scottish system, moreover, cannot be used by 

 the creditors as a means of compelling their debtor to distribute his 

 estate. It is a privilege of the debtor, and being seldom resorted to 

 except by persons in a state of destitution who are harassed by vindic- 

 tive creditors, the improvement of the system has not been a matter of 

 much interest either among lawyers or legislators. 



-SIOX. When an ecclesiastical person accepts a second benefice 

 or dignity in the church, which is incompatible by law with that which 

 he previously held, the latter is said to be void by cession. This 

 avoidance take.) place ///TO faetu upon the acceptance of the .second 

 benefice ; and the patron may at once, without any sentence of depri- 

 vation in the spiritual court, and without any express resignation, 

 present a new incumbent, and require hia admission. By the statute 

 21 Hen. VIII. c. 13, s. 9, if a person, possessed of a benefice with cure 

 of souls of the yearly value of 81. or above, accept and take any other 

 benefice with cure of souls, without a dispensation to hold both, the 

 first is declared to be wholly void in law. But even if the first bene- 

 fice be under the value of 8Z., and for that reasou not within the 

 statutory provision, it becomes void by the canon law an against the 

 patron, in consequence of the acceptance by the incumbent of a second 

 benefice or dignity. (Burn's Ecclesiastical Lair, tit. A I'oidance and 

 / Blackstone, vol. i. p. 396.) 



CESTUi CJUE TRUST. [TRUST ASD TBVSTEE.] 



CETENE. [CETIXE.] 



CETIC ACID is, according to M. Heiiitz, one of the acids that, 

 combined with oxide of cetyl [CETYL, OXIDE OF], form cetine [CKTINK]. 



CETIXE (C,^ H 01 0,). The name usually given to the crystallisable 

 matter which forms the greater part of the substance called spermaceti. 

 In> order to obtain it pure, the spermaceti must be treated with 

 boiling alcohol, and the clear solution, on tooling, deposits cetine, 

 which, if requisite, a to be purified by a second solution in, and 

 deposition from, alcohol. 



Cetine is white, crystalline, soft to the touch, and friable ; it is 

 nearly inodorous, is tasteless, and does not act upon litmus ; it fuses 

 at 120* Fahr. When distilled in vacuo, it is volatilised without change; 

 but when heated in a retort in the usual way, it yields a liquid hydro- 

 carbon called cetene, and ultimately a large proportion of a solid 

 crystalline substance, [mimitie acid, traces of charcoal remaining in the 

 retort. One hundred part* of boiling anhydrous alcohol dissolve 15'8 

 of cetine ; but when it specific gravity is '834, only three ;>arts are 

 diaoolved. If one part of cetine, an equal weight of hydrate of potash, 

 and two parts of water are digested at a temperature between 122 and 

 194. 3 Fahr. for several days, a soap is formed which is different from 

 other Maps, combined with an unsaponifir.l fatty matter, which 

 Cberreul calls ttkal. [CITYI,, HYDRATE OF.] When this soap is 

 decomposed by an acid, the ethal is separated with the acids ; 100 

 part* of cetine thus treated, give (J0'l6 parts of these acids, and 40'64 



of ethal, the increase of weight amounting to 1'6. According to 

 Chevreul the acids separated by and combined with the potash are 

 margaric aud oleic; Heiutz asserts them to be stearie, palmitic, 

 myristic, cocinic, and cetic; while the analyses of Stenhouso ami 

 Smith show cetine to be simply palmitate of cetyl. The products of 

 the oxidation of cetine by nitric acid (conanthylic, adipic, pinielie and 

 other acids), are the same as those produced under the same circum- 

 stances from suet, wax, and other fatty matters. 



CETRARIA ISLANDICA. [ICELAND Moss.] 



CETRARIC ACID Cetrarine (C 30 H 16 10 ?). A white crystalline 

 acid, found in Iceland moss, and communicating to the latter its 

 peculiar bitter flavour. 



CETRARINE. [CETUARIC ACID.] 



CETUS, the sea-monster, called Pistrix by Hyginus, and Orplius by 

 some of the Greeks, is said to represent the monster which is going to 

 devour Andromeda. It is situated below Pisces and Aries, and a bright 

 star in the head, called Menkar ( Ceti), comes on the meridian at 

 eight o'clock in the beginning of January. It is usually drawn with 

 a fish's head, two paws in front, and a curled fish's tail. The following 

 is a list of the principal stars : 



No. in Catalogue 

 Character. of Flamstced. 



. 8 



16 



7, 31 



T 52 



C 55 



u 59 



o 68 



P 72 



a 76 



S 82 



83 



7 86 



M 87 



T 89 



a 92 



No, in Catalogue 



of British 



Association. 



62 



196 



332 



538 



565 



618 



720 



754 



781 



811 



815 



837 



847 

 949 



Magnitude. 

 3 

 3 

 3 

 3 



a 



4 



a 



4 

 4 

 3 

 3 

 3 

 4 

 4 



a 



CETYL (CjaH.,.,), an organic radical of the CuHn + 1 series, and 

 therefore homologous with methyl, ethyl, aniyl, &c. Like them, in 

 compounds it takes the place of hydrogen or a metal. [ORGANIC 

 RADICALS.] The principal terms only of the cetylic group of bodies 

 will here be described ; the most important, because the one from 

 which all the others are directly or indirectly derived, is 



Hydrate of cetyl I 32 " 2 ~ 3=^33 ( Q\ . cfl .y; c . a l m ?tu! : ethal. 



Ordinary fats, when saponified with an alkali, yield certain acids, and 

 the base glycerin. Spermaceti, however, when treated in the same 

 way, yields certain acids and the base et/ial. Both glycerin and ethal 

 are alcohols, though belonging to different series and different classes ; 

 ethal containing a radical of the CnHn + 1 series, aud of the monatomie 

 class ; that is, as seen by its formula, its radical replaces one atom of 



TT \ 



hydrogen in one double atom of water ^ j O. r Ethal, in fact, differs 



(r 1 TT "\ \ 

 H I *"'"/' * u 



containing the radical cetyl (C 33 H 33 ) in the place of the radical ethyl 

 (C 4 ri,j). 



The best method of obtaining ethal in a state of purity is to melt 

 two parts of spermaceti and to gradually add to it one part of solkl 

 hydrate of potash broken up into veiy small pieces. The mixture 

 should be well stirred during the operation, and when the whole 

 of the potash has been added should be treated with water and 

 slight excess of hydrochloric acid. The ethal and fatty acids are thus 

 liberated, float on the surface of the aqueous liquor, and after being 

 carefully removed by decautatiou are agitated with excess of hydrate 

 of lime. A solid lime-soap is thus formed, from which the ethal may 

 be separated by dissolving out with spirit of wine ; the spirit distilled 

 off and the residue digested in ether gives a solution from which the 

 ethal may be obtained in a pure state by evaporation. 



Ethal thus purified is a white, solid, crystalline mass. It melts 

 when heated to 119 Fahr., and by very slow cooling is obtained in 

 brilliant lamellar crystals. It has neither odour nor taste, is easily 

 volatilised with vapour of water, aud when pure may be distilled alone 

 without undergoing decomposition. It is insoluble in water, but 

 miscible in all proportions with alcohol or ether. When ethal is heated 

 with anhydrous phosphoric acid, it is by dehydration converted into 



Cetene (C^H^), a colourless oily liquid. Boiling point, 527 J Fahr. 

 Vapour density, 8'007. It may be distilled without decomposing, is 

 insoluble in water, very soluble in alcohol or ether, has no action on 

 test-paper, and bums with a pure white flame. 



Sodium and potassium act upon hydrate of cetyl at a temperature of 

 21 2 Fahr., forming cetylates 



Cetylate of potash. 



Cctylato of socln. 



