7IS 



CHA1TEK. 



perceived in the architecture uf different irU of the pariah churches, 

 but they contribute much to their picturetqueneoi. 



i chapel* were erected for the especial purpose of the chantries, 

 they were usually al*o the placee of interment of the founder and hi* 

 family, whence we anmntinvia find such chapels belonging, even to this 

 day, to particular familial, and adorned with monuments of many gene- 

 rations. One uf the ntoet beautiful chapel* of this kind U in the little 

 village of Sandal, a few mile* from Doacaater, the foundation uf 

 Bokeby, archbishop of Dublin, who died in 1521. The church of 

 S*i<al^ being tm*!^ afforded no scope for the deaigu of thia magnifi- 

 cent prelate. Having, therefore, determined that here should be the 

 place of hi* interment and the perpetual celebration* in his memory, 

 he erected a chapel on the north aide of the choir, open however to the 

 church on one aide, being etparated from it only by open wainscot. 

 On entering it l.y the door one neea at once the whole economy of one 

 of these chapels. Under the window looking eastward an altar has 

 btocd; the piscina on the right remain*. On each aide of the eaat win- 

 dow is a niche where once, no doubt, stood an effigy of a laiiit whom 

 the archbishop held in peculiar honour. In the centre is a bran indi- 

 cating the spot in which the body of the prelate lies ; and in the north 

 wall ia a memorial of him, having his arms and effigy, with an inscrip- 

 tion setting forth his name and rank, and the day of his decease, with 

 divers pious ejaculations. The stone- and wood-work have been wrought 

 with exquisite care, and the windows appear to have been all of painted 



c - 



Chantries were sometimes also established in edifices remote from 

 any church, a chapel being erected for the express purpose. 



In chantries of royal foundation, or in chantries founded by the 

 more eminent prelates or barons, the service was conducted scnietimts 

 by more than one person. But usually there was but nut- officiating 

 priest. The foundation deeda generally contain a distinct specification 

 of his duties, which consisted for the most part in the repetition of 

 certain masons ; but sometimes the instruction of youth and the deliver- 

 ing of pious discourses to the people made part of the duty of the chantry- 

 priests. They also contain an account of the land settled by the founder 

 for the support of the priest. The names of the persons whom he was 

 especially to name in his services are set forth, as well as the mode of 

 his appointment and the circumstances in which he might be removed. 

 Generally the king was named together with the founder and members 

 of bis family. This, it was supposed, gave an additi< n.d chance of the 

 foundation being perpetuated. The licence of the crown was generally 

 obtained for the foundation. 



In many towns and country places there are ancient houses known 

 by the name of chantry houses, or sometimes chantries, or colleges. 

 These have been places of residence of the chantry priests, nnd were 

 called colleges, where they lived (a considerable number of them being 

 in one church) a kind of collegiate life, it being held that the clergy 

 hould mix but little with the laity. These, as well as all other pro- 

 perty given for the support of the chantry priests, were seized by the 

 crown and sold to private persons, when, by the Statute 1 Edward VI. 

 e. 14, all foundations of this land were absolutely suppressed and their 

 revenues given to the crown. An account had been taken a few years 

 before of all the property which was settled to these uses, by the com- 

 miaaionen under the Act 26 Hen. VIII. c. 2, whose returns form that 

 afloat important ecclesiastical document the ' Valor Ecclesiasfcicus ' of 

 King Henry VIII. The 'Valor' has been published by the com- 

 miaaioneni on the Pnbtic Records, in five volumes folio. 



CHAPEL (enswfta), a word common to many of the languages of 

 modern Europe, and used to designate an edifice of the lower rank 

 appropriated to religious worship. Ita origin and etymology are very 

 obscure. 



In England it has been used to designate minor religious edifices 

 founded tinder very different circumstances and for different objects. 



1. We have a great number of rural ecclesiastical edifices, e*[ 

 in the north of England, where the parishes are large, which 

 properly speaking, churches, tcdaitt, though in common parlance they 

 are sometimes so called, but are chapels, and not unfrequcntly called 

 parochial chapels. Most of these are of ancient foundation, but still 

 not so ancient aa the time when the parochial distribution of England 

 was regarded ae complete, and the right to tithe and offerings deter- 

 mined to belong to the rector of some particular church. In the large 

 paiiahes it frequently occurred that a family of rank which reaided at 

 an inconvenient distance from the parish church, would desire to have 

 an edifice near to them, to which they and their tenants could resort 

 fur the benefit of Christian ordinances. On reasonable cause being 

 shown, the bishop would often yield to applications of this kinl ; I ml 

 in rack ease* he would not suffer the rights of the pariah church to be 

 infringed ; no tithe was to be subtracted from it and given to the 

 newly erected foundation, nor was that foundation to be accounted 

 m rank equal to the older church, or its incumbent otherwise than an 

 inferior and subordinate minister to the incumbent of the pariah 

 ebnrch. Bnt the bishop generally, perhaps always, stipulated that 

 U>ere ahonld be an endowment by the founder of such an edifice. Not 

 unfremjently hi edifices of this class there was the double purpose of 

 obtaining a place of easier resort for religious worship and ordinances, 

 and a place in which perpetual prayers might be offered for the family 

 i" 1 ^LJ^T t C " A!rrRT -] Others of these rural chapels were 

 founded by the devotion of the parishioner*. The population t a 



village which lay remote from the church of the jwish within whose 

 limits it was included would increase, and thus the public inconvenience 

 of having to resort to the pariah church on occasion of christening*, 

 clmrchingB, marriage*, and funerals, besides the services on the festivals, 

 become great ; they would therefore apply to the bishop in pet 

 many of which are to be found in the registers of the see*, setting 

 forth tlie distance at which they lived, the impediment*, < 

 occasional, in the way of their ready resort t 

 want of good roads, snow, the rising of waters, and the lil 

 the ordinary would grant them the leave which they deeired, re*. 

 however, aa seems almost always to have been the case, wli 

 right* and emoluments had beforutime belonged to the parish ctitir. h. 

 In the parish of Halifax there are twelve of these chapels, all f. 

 before tbu Reformation. In the parish of Mai: I in most of 



the parishes of Lancaahii e, such subsidiary foumlat n great 



number. Thoee foundations of this class which i-.mld Kr brought 

 within the description uf superstitious foundations, were dissolved by 

 the Act 1 Edward VI. c. 14, for the suppression of at 

 while the endowment was seized, it not unfiviiuently happened that 

 the building itself, out .of the piety of the ] u -i -son into whose hands it 

 passed in the sale of the chantry land*, or the devotion of the persona 

 living near it and long accustomed to resort to it, continued to lie used 

 for the reformed worship, and remains to this day n Christian church, 

 the incumbent being supported by the casual endow-in 

 period since the Reformation, and especially by what ia c 

 Anne's liounty, in which most of the incumbents of chapel* 

 class have more or less participated. 



2. The term chapel is used to designate those mem 



the celebration of religious ordinances in the castles or dwelling 1 

 of distinguished persons. We find in the fabrics of some : 

 specimens of the castles of England some small apartment wlii 

 evidently been used for the purposes of devotion, and this son; 

 in the keep, the place of last resort in the time of a siege. A r. 

 able instance of this is at Conisbrough, in Yorkshire. But in 

 of the time of Kdward I. and subsequently, chapels of this kin.l wen- 

 i adjoining the apartments appropriated to the residence of the 

 family. Most of the baronial residences, it is probable. Inn! 

 of this kind, and how splendid they sometimes were we may act 

 George's Chapel at Windsor. 



3. The chapels of colleges, as in the two universities; 

 or other similar foundations. 



4. Chapels for private services, chiefly sen-ices for the dead, in tin- 

 greater churches, as the chapel of St. Erasmus, niul others, in the. 

 church of Westminster. Additions made to the pariah churches for 

 the purpose of chantries are sometimes called chantry chapels. 



5. Places of worship of modern foundation, c.-pecially tliosc in : 



are called chapels of ease, being erected for the convenience of th- 1 

 inhabitants when they have become too numerous for the n 

 limits of their parish church. Many <>f these have ha.l i\'. 

 assigned to them with cure of souls, and the right of cclebratin 

 tisms, marriages, &c., under the provisions of special Act 

 rnent, in which the rights and duties of the incumbent and the 

 founders are defined. 



8. The word chapel U pretty generally used to dei ices of 



worship erected by Dissenters, though the Quakers and the more rigid 

 of some religious denominations, out of dislike to the non; 

 an ecclesiastical system which they do not approve, prefer to call such 

 edifices by the name of meeting-houses. 



CHAPLAIN, <<', i word formed immediately < 



i-iijicllii, according to one of the commonest analogies of our 

 language. 



A chaplain is properly a clergyman ntKcinting in a i-hapcl in 

 distinction to one who is the incumbent of a parish church; Inner 

 the clergymen appointed to the army and navy are called eh,;; 

 as well as those performing duty in union workhouses. ]' 

 more frequent use is now as designating clergymen who are 

 residing in f.uuilios of distinction and actually performing religion* 

 services in the family ; or who are supposed to be so. 

 actually so engaged. This fiction proceeds on the asem 

 every bishop and nobleman, with some of the great officers of state, 

 have each their private chapel, to which they nominate a priest, or 

 more than one. Certain privileges respecting the holding of benefices 

 belong to these chaplains, by reservation out of the Act against Plural- 

 ities 21 Mm. VIII. . c. 13. The power of appointment in the sove- 

 reign is unlimited ; the number of chaplains whHi n.,blcn. 

 persons may nominate is fixed : an archbishop may have right ; a duke. 

 or a bishop, six ; a marq a viscount, four; a boron, 



knight of the garter, <.r tin In. I .three; the treat-. 



the king's house, the comptroller of the king's bouse, the clerk ot th, 

 closet, the king's secretary, the dean of the chapel, the almon< 

 the master < , may each nominate two ; the < 



>i.:h and the warden of the Cinque Ports, each one ; 

 1 <, marchioness, countess and bauouras, being widows, are 

 each two. 



( H.U'TKR. The canons iu the cathedral or conventual chi.. 

 wli.-n .1-011,1.'. .1. lorni what is called the chaptoi . ..//./v/i///;. an. 

 the council of the bishop. [C.vsos.l Other religions c 



oinl'li-d for busmen, wit in ctapfer. Attached to many cnthe. 



