



i IIAUTAItl.!: USES. 



CHART. 



7M 



trig*, one of four-horses a quadriya. The wmr chariot carried two 

 penotu, one of whom was the driver, who stood in fr.mt. The 

 chariots used by the Romans in their public games only curried the 

 driver. The noe chariots were often very richly adorned. The 



[Chariot Kace, from a bis-rclitf in the British Muwim.1 



moot splendid of the Rom:ur chariot* were, however, UK we employed 

 in triumphs. The fiiiK-r.-il chariot wan also adorned in a very costly 

 manner. 



: . s. 



[Fonsril Chariot, from a bn-.relitf Jn the British 



The most ancient war chariot* we know of ore those of Pharaoh, 

 which were overwhelmed in the Reel Sea. (F.xod. xiv. 7.) Th 

 CaaaaniUM whom Joahua engaged nt the waters (if Merom had a 

 multitude of chariot*. (Joh. xi. 4.) And the Philistines, in their 

 war against Saul, are stated ( 1 Sam. xiii. 6) to have had thirty thousand 

 chariot*. 



Chariot* armed with scythes were in use for many ages in all the 

 Eastern countries ; and were regarded as a princi]ial arm of war. Such 

 are mentiom-d in the Second Book of Maccabees (xiii. 2), which the 

 king of Syria led against Jndrea, They were used by the Persians, 

 a* we see from Xenoplion ('Anab.' i. 8); and they constituted 

 a remarkable feature in the armies of the ancient Bnton*. Caesar 

 (' De Bell. Gall.' v. 18) says, that after Cassivellaunus had dismissed all 

 his other force*, he had still four thousand of thews war-chariots about 

 his person. See ('a-sar's account of the method uited in fighting with 

 them (iv. 33). 



The Easeduin and the Rheda were among the Roman war-chariot* of 

 the larger size. Greek and Roman chariot* frequently occur on tin' 

 reverse* of medals. The modern chariot is a mere coach-maker's 

 modification of the ordinary private coach or carriage. 



CHAKITABLK rsF.s/ (USES, CHABITABI.K.] 



CHARITIES. [USES, Tut -ST.*.] I!y the Charitable Trust* Act, 



163, a body of ommissioners has been created for Kngland and 

 Wales, with power to inquire into all charities, their nature, object*, 

 and administration, and the condition of the property belonging to 

 them ; to require the production of account* and document* from the 

 trustee* of charities, and to cause inspectors to visit and report on 

 their management. No proceeding with reference to any charity can 



9 taken by any rdalvr without the section of this bonrd, which is 



Il*d " The Charity Commissioner* for Kngland an.l Wales ;" the 



arney-poeral alone may proceed by tr ofeio information. The 



rd may direct in what court proceedings for the ndministi 



any charity are to be taken ; but where the income is nndn :',M/., tin 



court of the district, or the court of bankruptcy of the district, 



in hich U* cliarity is situated, ha* jurisdiction. In other cases the 



court of chancery must be resorted to. The statute doe* not extend t 

 Scotland or Ireland, to the Universities, or the city of London. A 

 report of the proceedings of the board must be annually laid 

 Parliament 



rllAHI.F.s'S \V.\lN.a name for the Great Bear (TitsA M. V.KMI |. 

 This constellation was also formerly called " the brood In-n." in Rngtaao. 

 Kecordc, '<';i>tle of Kn.iwl.xlge.') This constellation was 

 -"iiM-timea called a waggon, both by the AIM!.- ..n-l Romans ; but v !i.. 

 Charles may have been we have no means of 1 i having an 



English Hygiuiis of sufficient antiquity to 1* authority as t 

 personage. 



CHAKON. HOII of Enboa, was the fsbolou* boatman who c.n 

 the shades of the departed across the ri\ . r.- which girt the infenial 

 regions. (Enrip. ' Alcest.' 253, 441 ; Arintoph. 'Ran.' 20:!: Virgil, 



jEneU.' v. -j 1 .'.- i Hi fare was an obol (Uie sixth part of a dra. 

 which was laid in the mouth of a person about to be buried, in order 

 that he mi^ht have wherewith to pay the freight, (vav&or, Suturi). 

 Aristoph. : .1. Pollux, ix. 82; and Juvenal, iii. 267.) Charon <! 

 appear in Homer; his origin is referred t.. .Kgypt (Diodor. i 

 where he had a representative in Amenities, the eml.l> m nf .1 future 

 state : his name is thought to point to the j,.y ],r...lur.-.l l.y a freedom 

 from sublunary trouble*. (See Crouzrr. SynilKilik.' i. p. 341.) 



CHART, or SEA-CHART, a hydrographical map, or a projection of 

 some part of the sea, in piano, for the use of navigation. Fournier. in 

 his ' Hydrographie,' (fol. par. 16R7, p. 505,) ascribes the invent!.. n ..i 

 chart* to Henry, son of John, king of Portugal; certain it is thai 

 marine charts appear first to have issued from the Portuguese. Bagford 



- iv-. the first step that was made toward a knowledge of our own 

 coasts was by an almanac, with a chart of the coasting part < if Ki 

 printed on vellum or parchment, by Wynkcn de Worde, l.V-' 

 iHiiiii.l in a small |x>rtable volume. This was the first he had seen of 

 the kind. |See Itagford's 'Letter to Hearne,' prefixed t.. I. 



' Itinerary.' vol. i. p. Ixxx.. and S;.i.-il. %. ;.d liul. Nenl.riir . 

 .lohn Hot/., a native ..f Dii-pp.-. and sei ant I . Kin- Henry \ III 

 for the king's use a Book of Hydrography, so .ailed. l.cn>. 

 of the compass, elevation of the pole, latitude, sea ;.'.;_. 



tinely (Minted on eighteen very l;ir_'e .-kiinof parchment, still pi. 

 among the r . i[>t* in the llriti.-.h IfaseUOl, marked '.'n 10.. ix. 



Of this description also is a very curious chart . preserved in th. 

 collection, formerly bdongmg to I,ord()xl..nl. and pmliably of as early, 

 if n. 't an earlier n '/'- .'halts. New Holland is laid down 



upon it a.- an i-1 md, under the name of .lava le (li.uid. The writer of 

 the [.resent article, many years ago, consulted the late Captain Flinders 

 for his opinion whether toll portion of the chart could have IMVH laid 

 down from actual oliserv.ition. Theansv. 



lines .if red dots an 1 made ti. Imriler the c..a-t . \aetl\ to tl 

 which it is ei.r.il l..iiin.l. rind no farthei : Led ii]n: 



nd have r, Ml.er them." The names m 



arc occasionally given upon th horesin thiscliart, in French ; 



and the very t>\*>t tipon it Which Cajitain C..ok afterwards named 

 i s designated as C6lr dti llrrliayn. 



The generality of the early Portugueso charts seem to have been 

 made toward the close of the l.'.tli . .niui v. Thr.n .in-age- 



mcnt (riven by the Board of Admiralty, excellent surveys ha\v of late 

 i:u!e of our own and many foreign coasts. But the in- 

 creased speed of steamers hears obviously upon the question of . 

 aminii-i/ in charts, with a force which the hydn.graphic depart; 

 the Admiralty seems fully to appreciate. It is worthy of consi.! 

 whether the establishing of a systematic scheme of ro/,,n'/>./ t),r 

 *im>i/tini/ on what may be called " pilot charts," to a." 

 ili'fitln i if ii-iilrr In/ I/if Mine r/Ktrl, would not mure rapidly 



convey n.-,eful information thereu|>on : such information as would take 

 firmer hold upon the memory. 



For instance, and as a .i.-.l to navigation, all depths under 



10 feet at low- water siuiin; tides mir.ht 1- lelt the colour of the paper 

 of the chart. The \arion* . hallows occurring in this s]>ace would at a 

 glance be known at once l.y the . i.linary methixl of "dotting;" indeed, 

 if advisable, a dotted Hue indicating " one fathom " might, fis at i 

 be continued for the convenience of vessels of very light draught ..f 



Between 10 fret depth and 20 fc*t miirht be coloured pule, but distinct, yrllow. 



20 

 SO 

 40 

 SO 

 60 

 70 

 SO 



30 

 40 

 HO 

 00 



;o 

 so 



80 

 100 



(chrome yellow. 

 jrale carmine, 

 deeper carmine, 

 pale grpin, 

 deeper wpia. 

 pale nrutrtl tint. 

 dper neutral tint. 

 ple purple . 

 deeper purple. 



Further colouring on pilot diaito would be unnecessary; but as the 

 of the introduction ..f the submerged telegraph cable is in in 

 \. and future (Uscovcrers may very probably produce 

 cheaper cablo and apparatus, leading to the more extended adoption of 

 telegraphic communications across narrow estuaries or channels, it 

 might soon be found advisable to adopt a mode of colouring to i/reattr 

 of water. In such case, all would soon be accomplished with 



