CHASING UK METALS. 



The article to be ornamented, whi. h i, always of a thin 

 hollow kind, U pUoed face uppermost on the punch ; a pattern ur 

 design u drawn on the face of the article, ami the adjustment is so 

 made that the punch beneath shall follow the course of the line* in 

 the device. A fine hammer U then employed to strike the piece of 

 thin metal ; the effect ..f which if, that the metal is forced upward* 

 in a fine burr or protuberance at every place where there U a punch 

 beneath it. By shifting the piece of metal so that different port* of 

 lU lower surface may in micceWon be brought over the punch, .-uul l.y 

 changing the fonn of the- punch win n necessary, a protuberant deaign 

 or pattern in relief i- formed on the article of metal. In the liner 

 kinds of metal work greater sharpness, relief, and finih nre tlieu given 

 to the deaign by going over it with very sharp-cutting tools; and it u 

 upon thia hut part of the process, and which U that technically known 

 aa during or enchasing, that the artistic character of the work largejy 

 depends. 



But a more extensive kind of manufacture in that in which the 

 article receive* iU form by being stamped or pressed from a plain 

 it sheet metal. The hammer, the swage, the roller, the stamp, 

 and the lathe are all employed to effect thia, according to the thick 

 DM* of the metal and the nature of the article to be made from it. 

 NVhcii vernel* and hollow articles are fashioned out of thin sheet-metal 

 by the hammer, it constitutes brazluy : the metal in rested upon bosses 

 or teel support* of different kinds, and hammered on the upper .-ur- 

 face till it assumes the requisite curvatures. The swage is a peculiar 

 kind of gauge or pattern which gives the requisite form to the sheet 

 metal l>y pressure rather than by percussion. Let us suppose (as a 

 familiar mode of illustrating its actiofl) that a pair of scissors hat* the 

 two Made* so curved that the c-oiivcxity of the one may fit into or 

 correspond with the concavity of the other; if these blades wen 

 closed, and a thin piece of metal were drawn between them, it would 

 be forced into a curved form similar to that presented by the blades. 

 The arrangement of the different parts of the swage is so managed as 

 to lead to some such result as that hen- Indicated. The 1 Headings and 

 hollows on the edges of dish-covers and similar articles are produced 

 by means of swages. 



Many articles, such as large plain hollow vessels, are brought into 

 form mainly by rollers. Tinsmiths often employ three rollers to bring 

 their tin to the proper fonn for tubes and cylindrical vessels. There 

 are two rollers placed nearly in contact, ami in the same horizontal 

 level : another is placed above them, equidistant from both : all are 

 capable of revolving, and if a piece of tinned iron In' drawn between 

 them, it will be forced to conform to the size and shape of the cavity 

 existing between the upper and the lower rollers : l>y varying the 

 axes and mutual distances of the rollers, different curvatures of the 

 tin may be produced. 



The lathe is employed in rather a singular way, ill the production of 

 various kinds of articles from thin sheet-metal, principally from soft 

 white yielding alloys of tin and other metals. A fiat circular disc of 

 metal can by this means be brought to the shape of a cylindrical box, 

 a cup, a hemisphere, or any one among numerous fanciful forms. The 

 disc is attached to a lathe provided with a boas or block of the i . 

 shape, and a blunt tool is pressed against it while revolving; tl 

 and ductile metal yields to the pressure and conforms to the shape of 

 the boss against which it is placed. l'.\ little and little the workman 

 effects the transformation of the flat piece of metal to a shape which it 

 could not assume unless it were soft and ductile. Teapot- ami other 

 article* of Itritaimin metal are largely produced by thi.- process, "hi. h 

 is called " -pinn 



The iii"-t iin|irtant howv\cr of these mode* of working shei ' 

 is by stamping- In this prm-e-s the thin metal is suddenly and very 

 forcibly compressed between two steel d ; |.s, each of which is 



'ngravcd with a pattern or dc\i.e. due die is fixed on a stand with 

 it* face up|Tiiii'st. while the other !< lixiil face downwauls to the 

 lower end of a heavy h.iiMiiMT oi weight. The thin piece of metal is 

 placed on the lower die: the hamni'-r with tin- upper die is raised by a 

 rope and pulley I" a con-iderablc height, and on this Ipcing allowed 

 nddrnlv to fall, the up|>er die foicibly completes the thin piece of 



which lies between it and the low.-i. i .impelling it to 

 alternate convexities and concavities according to the |ittcru. Kach 

 die i* an exact counterpart or reverse of the other, like the two halves 

 >f a "wage, so that the metal cannot conform to the com , \ity of the 

 one without falling into the concavity of the other; and it is by this 

 double, action that the result is produced. S|s>ons, forks, and trinkets 



in numberless variety are prodi d l.y stamping between two dies 



iie-ditu-d in various ways according to the particular object in view. 



This mode of stamping require" as many dies as there are dill. n rit 

 patterns. The late Dr. I 're. in illustration of the heavy stock which 

 the manufacturers at Birmingham are thus forced to keep l.y them. 

 and of a difference in this rcs]pe<;t between them and the Fi.ii.-h 

 manufacturer*, remarked : " M. Parquin, the greatest manufacturer of 

 plated goods in Paris (or France, for this business is monopolised by 

 the capital), who makes to the value ; 7011.111111 n.,u. - per annum, out 

 of the 1,600,0<K) whi. h he says is tlie whole inU-riial eonsumptioii of 

 the kingdom, xt.it.- t|,.,t the internal >iisiimptin ..f the l"iiit-d King- 

 dnn amount* to 3".oo.n.nti<p, ,,j twenty times that of France. He adds 

 that our common laminntwl copper cost* 26 sous the (pound, while 

 theira coaU 34. Their pUtcd grxU are (a*hin.-d not in general with 



stamps, but by the pressure of tools upon wood moulds in the turning 

 Lithe, which is a great economy of capital to the manufacturer." Thl 

 ..re of tools upon w... K! moulds in the turning-lathe " corresponds 

 with one of the processes above described, nam.-h . the " spinning." 

 It is believed that four of the establishments at Birmingham keep in 

 stock more than a quarter of a million of different die-moulds for 

 stamping the almost innumerable articles now made of thin brass, &c., 

 in that busy centre of the metal trades. 



For different applications of the above processes to mauufa. 

 see BUTTON, and C.UNIV-: for the mode of making the die 

 SIXKIM. : and for stamping in connection with electro. 

 silvering. Ki.ivnio-MKTAl.i.riuiv. 



CHATKLKT, or CHASTKI.KT. proj.-rly a little fortress. Thi- 

 nanic was. afterwards given to certain courts of justice, formerly 

 established in several cities of France, as at Orleans, Moiitjpell: 

 l.e Grand ChtUelet, at Paris, was the place where the presidial and 

 ordinary court of justice of the provost "I Paris wa- held. Lc Pcti' 

 t'hfttelet, at Paris, answered to its proper name: it was an ancient foit, 

 .-oi ving as a pri-..ii. (Furetiere, IHrtiim. I'niccrrrllr, ' Chat. 

 CHATTKI.s (i'ntiill:i\. This term comprehends all pro; 

 able or immoveable, which is not freehold. Those 

 chattels real which, in the l.-uiguage of the earlier law , 

 of the reality ; that is, relate to, or are interests in land. < 

 sonal arc inoveable goods, as horses, plate, money. Ac. 

 chattel real. Chattels of each ill-dipt i. 



scntatives of the deceased proprietor, and .".re coiiiprcliendtil under tip 

 j/enci.il term "personal property." The laws which govern this 

 description of property are now, from the growth of th- 



and the change of manners, equal in importance with 

 relating to real estate ; but under the feudal hattels 



(including even terms for years* wi, .1 of small imp 



in a legal jwiut of view : and, indeed, prior to the reign of Henry VI 

 were rarely mentioned in the law treatises and re] port.- of th 

 (Reeve's ' Hist. Bug. Law,' :x:>. Many articles of property, intiin.-'i 

 cally chattels, from their intimate connection with other p: 

 freehold nature, and being necessary to its cnjoynu ; 

 with to the heir, and are not treated as chattels. Thus. f,,r iii 

 the muniments of title to an estate of inheritance, growing trees 

 and grass, deer in a park, and such fixtures -us cannot i fiom 



the freehold without injury to it, are not chattels, because they pass to 

 the heir. Ill the hands of a pcr-on however who has a limited' i:. 

 in such things, they Iwcome his chattels, and pass to his executor. 

 Chattels, except so far as they may be impressed with the n.' 

 heir-looms, cannot be entailed, but they may be limited to trustees 

 so as to vest in successive owners for life, and in unborn persons in fee, 

 precisely as an estate-tail. They do not go in succession to a c. 

 tion sole, except only in the case- ..f the king and the chamberlain -.1 

 the city of London. (Co. Litt.; Klackst., C'vmui., Jl. i . v..|. 



ii.. pp. 393, 406, 438.) 



< 'II Al't 'I. a nation ..f ancient Germany, who lived north e.i-t oi th 

 Krisii, along t! :he North Sea, on l>th bank- of the V 



(Weuer), and as far as the Alhis, or Elbe. To the south tl. 

 u]pon the Oatti. Their territ. 



present Hanover and Oldenburg. Tacitus ('Genuania,' 8 

 their country was extensive and thickly inhabited, and that 

 a people distinguished among the German- tor their 1 and 



of (peace; powerful and yet unambitious, they did not pnnol. 

 but were alwa\- i.-a.ly to ic-i.-t aggivx-ioii. The) 

 Tilpcrius, and continued tor .some time fiiciid- t.T Home. fun. 

 ;>u\iliarie to (icrinauicu- in the \\.-ir against the Clu-iu- i. (' \ 

 i. ii", ii. 17.) They ited as navigatm.- and , 



under Claudius, t-hej wen- driven by oppression int lellj. -. 



Chauci. under (Ianna.--.-u-. a chief ..f the Kat.-iv ian tribe ..f the Cannim- 



\.igcdthe.. .-I the Khinc to make 



.-ions into the i;..man provfalM of Germanil Inferior: but th. \ 



. iij Corbiil... who. IIOWCMT, f.iii.d in Bubjugatiug them, and 

 they continued independent of Home. I' Annal.,' xi. 18.) Th. , 

 wards joined in the revolt of the llatav ian chief Civ.i , .,' j v . 



71', v. ly.) Tin- Chauci are last mentioned undci t! I 'idin.- 



Julianus, when they belonged to the ...nfcd. i 

 are .said to have extended their ten ihe Hhinc. 



CHKi'K.a species of checkered cloth, in which c.,|outed h 

 stii|Ks cross each other rectangularly, like a chess Ipo.nd. Tin 

 ner of beautifying web.- is pr..lbly very ancient. Many of the ' 

 in Kosellini's Kgypti;m work are dressed in checkered clotli 

 Ansclm's l>ook concerning 'Virginity,' written about the year 680, 

 when the art ..f \\.-.\iiir: iii this country wiu. (probably iii a compara- 

 tively rude Mate, i.iiitaiiis a di-tinct indication that checkered i 

 .MI. then in fashion : " It is not n web of one uniform colour and tex- 

 ture, without any \juiety of figures that ple.is.-th the eye and apjxsireth 

 beautiful, but one that is ..veii by shuttles, filled "with threads of 

 purple, and many ..th-i oolouri 11} ing from side t.p side, and lo.ming a 

 v.ui.-ty of figures and imai;. - in dirlcrciit eom|p.-irtments with admii.ibl. 

 art." These compartments, dchni-d and bounded by oolouri 



ly be regarded as checks : nevertheless, it is well UP 

 that other kinds of woven material would sufficient 1\ answer to Anselm'a 

 description. 



As manufacture*! at the present day, ohwkl an 



