Ill 



CHERKY. 



. H1>S 



811 



imposed a stamp duty of one penny, to be denoted by an adhesive or 

 impressed stamp cancelled with the signature or initials of the drawer, 

 and permitted the instrument to be also drawn payable to order. A 

 later Act permitted it to be negotiated or transferred beyoud the dis- 

 tance of fifteen milw from the bank on which it is drawn, subject to 

 a stamp duty of one penny ; and the 21 Viet. c. 20, leaving existing 

 enactment* unrepealed, impose* a stamp duty of one penny on all 

 cheque* indiscriminately. 



A cheque may be drawn for any amount not lew than twenty 

 shillings, but under that sum it is void ; and any person issuing a 

 cheque drawn for a lew sum, or on which a lew sum remain* payable, 

 incurs a penalty. The utmost care, however, should be observed in 

 writing in the amount, to avoid any carelewaew which would facilitate 

 fraudulent alterations, otherwise the result of a successful fraud will 

 fall upon the drawer and not upon the banker. Cheque* have for a 

 long time formed a considerable part of the circulating medium of the 

 countrv, being transferable, if payable to bearer, by delivery, or, if to 

 order, by indorsement, and, as they are payable on demand, there 'ix 

 no time whan they may be said to be overdue. But it is a rule of 

 law that a cheque should be presented for payment by the holder or 

 hi* banker when in the same place with the banker on whom it is 

 drawn, within limiting hours on the day after the holder received it, 

 or should be despatched by the post of that day, or the then earliest 

 post from the place, when the banker by whom it is payable carries 

 on business at a distance ; otherwise all previous holders ore discharged 

 from thvir liability by the undue delay, and even the drawer is not 

 liable if he ha* suffered loss in consequence thereof through the failure 

 of hi* banker in the meantime. 



The person to whom the amount of a cheque may be validly paid 

 must be Uie legal holder, the person, namely, who is capable of giving 

 a discharge for the money, otherwise the banker pays it in his own 

 wrong ; but where the cheque is drawn payable to order, the banker is 

 exempted by statute from proving that the first indorsement is 

 genuine, if it purport to be the indorsement of the payee. If the 

 drawer, however, or any subsequent holder, cross the cheque with the 



name of a banker, or with the blank formula, " and Co.," the 



person receiving the money must be a banker, and none but the par- 

 ticular banker, if any is named, in the crossing upon the cheque. 

 Such crowing is, by the 19 & 20 Viet. c. '25, made part of the cheque 

 and may not be obliterated, altered, or added to by any person, except 

 to insert the name of a banker in the blank formula, without rendering 

 the cheque itself thereby void, and the person who fraudulently BO 

 alters it liable to be indicted for forgery. 



The banker on whom it is drawn is bound to pay the cheque of his 

 customer immediately on presentment, if he has sufficient funds of 

 the drawer, and a refusal, in that case, to do so subjects the banker to 

 an action for damages at the option of the customer, without proof of 

 pecuniary low accruing to him therefrom. If the banker pays a 

 cheque with a forged signature to it, or if he pays a sum of money 

 exceeding the amount originally written in the cheque, he does BO in 

 his own wrong, and is liable to repay either the whole amount or such 

 sum a* he has paid in excess of the original amount so fraudulently 

 altered. But in the case of a crowed cheque, if, at the time when it i 

 presented tor payment, it doe* not plainly ap]ar to be or to have been 

 crowed, or such crowing to have been obliterated, added to, or altered, 

 the banker incurs no Lability by paying it, or by paying it otherwise 

 than to a banker, or to the banker named in the crowing respectively, 

 unlew in *o doing be act mold fide or with negligence. 



(L+itty OH BiU* uf Ktchuiyt, 10th ed., by J. A. Russell, LL.B., and 

 David Moclachlan, M.A.) 



< 'II i:if RY, a valuable fruit, of which great numbers of varieties are 

 known in our gardens; they are all the produce of Cmuia arium, or 

 ('. rui'jorit [CKHA*U, NAT. Hist. Div.], or of plant* obtained by the 

 intermixture of those two original species. Independently of their value 

 as an article of luxury, and as yielding by distillation such liqueurs as 

 Maraschino (so called because the Dalmatian Marateki cherry i* em- 

 ployed in it* manufacture) and Kiraohenwawer, cherries contribute 

 essentially to the mpport of the poorer classes in some countries, not 

 only in puddings and tarU, but a* a principal ingredient in a kind of soup, 

 and as a dried provision for winter. Their timber moreover is valuable 

 for the more common kinds of cabinet-maker's work, and a* in 

 favourable soils they grow fast, they often afford to the planter a quick 

 and good return for the outlay of his money. It is however only 

 upon light sharp well-drained (oil that the cherry thrives; when 

 planted in stiff and wet soil* it grows slowly, gums very much, and 

 fall* into a state of incurable bad health. It* varieties are multi- 

 plied by budding or grafting, operations best performed upon the 

 common wild cherry, the stones of which are collected by the nursery- 

 men for that purpose. Like all other fruit trees that have been 

 objects of cultivation, the cherry has given rise to a multitude of 

 varieties, from among which it is ditticult for any but professed 

 gardeners to know how to make a selection. We should say that for 

 all useful purpose* the following are sufficient. The earliest are the 

 lila.k Tartarian, and the Early Purple Ouigne ; the Early May, which 

 ripens close about the same tune, is not worth cultivation ; these are 

 succeeded by the May Duke, the Bigarreau, the Elton, and the Black 

 Eagle; the Late Duke is the latest of the sweet cherries. Kor 

 pudding* there is the Kentish ; for preserving in brandy, the Morello ; 



for drying, the Belle d* Choisy, the Flemish, and the Kentish. These 

 are amply sufficient for a small garden, and are all good bearer* : the 

 Morello only actually requires a wall. If more variety is wished for, the 

 Black Heart and the Downton may be added : and those are all 

 the two hundred and nineteen varieties mentioned in the Horticultural 

 Society's valuable Fruit Catalogue which are at all worth cultivating. 



CHKKUSCl, a celebrated people of ancient Germany, reckoned by 

 Cesar as of equal importance with the Suevi, who bordered on tii-- 

 Catti and the (,'hauci, living inland or south of the latter, and n< 

 banks of the Yisurgis or Weser. The Cherusci, with then 

 federated tribes, excited by Arminiu*, joined the Catti and others in 

 the attack and defeat of Yams and hia legions. They were afterwards 

 defeated by Qennanicus in the Teutoburg forest, but not subdued. 

 After Qennanicus left Germany and the Romans had drawn thrir 

 legions back to the banks of the Rhine, the Cherusci quarrelled with 

 the Suevi, and afterwards with the Catti, by whom they were con- 

 quered and lost much of their original consequence. Under Clau.liu. 

 the Cherusci sent messengers to Borne, to ask, a* a king, for on.' 

 Italicus, of the race of Armiuius, who was born at Home, of German ' 

 parents. Italious, however, on his arrival in was looked 



upon by many of his countrymen s* an alien, and a degenerate 

 descendant of Arminius. He was expelled from his kingdom, but 

 afterwards recovered it with the assistance of the Langobardi. 

 (Tacitus, ' Annot.' xi. 1(1,17.) In thu time of Tacitus the C'l, 

 had declined from their former importance, having been overp 

 by the Catti and other neighbouring tribes, and were, oonnid. 

 having degenerated. (' German.' 36.) Their last appearance is at. the 

 beginning of the 4th century, when they formed a part of tl 

 federation of the Franks. 



l.'HKU VI I..H culinary vegetable, the fieaudir rerrfolium of botanists; 

 it is an annual, and a native of the south of Europe; its leaves have a 

 slight aromatic taste, and are used in soup* and salads : it is little 

 cultivated. 



CHESS is an intellectual game, played on a chequered board of 

 sixty-four squares by two persons, each furnished with sixteen 

 eight of which ore called j>im, and the other eight /<, and i 

 alternately. One set of men is usually white ami the other black. 

 They are as follows ; 



WHITE. 



I 



JL 



King. 



Queen. 



Rook or Castle. 



BLACK. 

 * 



ii*/ 

 1 



JL 



Knight. 

 I'awn. 



Chew is not only distinguished from other game* by the large 

 amount of intellect which may be brought to bear upon it, but also 

 by its literature, which would fill a tolerably large library, and tliin 

 literature is constantly increasing among all nations that practise the 

 game. It consists in the ,ftnt place, of learned inquiries into the 

 origin of the gome ; Kcoxdiy, of treatises on the game, it* laws and 

 institutes, instructions for openings and endings of gomes, and analyse* 

 of the various recognised openings ; iliitill,/. of collections of games by 

 distinguished players, usually accompanied by notes pointing out 

 beauties or defects in the play ; fourthly, of problems or end-games, in 

 which the student is required to give mate in a n rtain nuin 

 moves, or to comply with cert ulitions. A large numl.i r of 



monthly and weekly journals, both in Europe and America, are 

 wholly or in part devoted to the recording of game* and problem 

 general chew intelligence, together with essays on point* which arc 

 constantly arising, or which still remain unsettled. Lailly, there is 

 much miscellaneous literature, consisting of biographical not 

 distinguished players, anecdotes, sketches, tales, and poems. Tin- 

 Latin poem on chess by Vidn, bishop of Alln. published at Rome in 

 1627, under the title of ' Scacchia I. minx,' i well known. The earliest 

 writer in Europe was Oesolis, a Dominii an friar, who wrote probably 

 before the yenr I'-Joil. A Latin edition of his treatise was published 

 in 1478, and a French edition in 1 liin. irom win. li an Kiij,-lisli \ 

 was made by Caxton, and prinli-d by him at Westminster in 1471. and 

 it enjoys the high dixtin i^' tho first book printed in Kn^-latid 



with moveablo type*. Karly )>oks on chem are in great request 

 among book-collectors, and they fetch high prices. 



7/i'rfory. It is not in our jxiwcr, within the limits of this article, to 

 give more than tin- most meagre sketch of the history of chew. 

 Various nations claim the honour of it* invention, and their rei 

 claims are brought together within a readable compass in Mi. 

 linson's 'Amusements in Chew.' We pass over them the more 

 willingly since Dr. Duncan Forbe*, professsor of ()i iges in 



King's College, London, hi a series of papers originally published in 



