841 



CHIEF JUSTICE. 



CHIMNEY. 



842 



selves of the circumstance. It is known that the very low-priced coffee 

 of such vendors sometimes contains as much as two-thirds chicory 

 to one-third pure coffee. If purchasers bought their coffee whole, and 

 ground it at home, they might at once defeat this fraud. When coffee 

 is over-chicoried, it acquires a mawkish taste, intermediate between 

 those of treacle and liquorice ; and its frequent use has a tendency to 

 disarrange the digestive system. 



The chicory trade has undergone some curious changes. The root 

 was first imported in 1832, at the same duty as colonial coffee, with an 

 imperative condition that the two should be sold separated, not mixed. 

 In 1840, when the prices of tea and coffee were high, the Treasury 

 issued an order, permitting chicory to be sold mixed with coffee, 

 producing a compound that could be sold at a moderate price. Then 

 arose a singular struggle : the coffee-merchants looked with suspicion 

 on any encouragement given to chicory, as being likely to injure their 

 trade ; while the chicory-dealers insisted that fair play ought to be 

 given to the commodity hi which they dealt. Chicory was now grown 

 in England, and was admitted into the market duty free ; whereupon 

 the coffee-merchants said, " Either tax chicory, or remove the tax from 

 coffee." A few years afterwards, the consumption of chicory in England 

 was variously estimated at from 18 to 28 millions of pounds annually. 

 In 1852 a Treasury order appeared, forbidding the mixture of chicory 

 with coffee in the same packet ; but afterwards the conflict was thus 

 settled : chicory may be sold mixed with coffee, but the fact of the 

 admixture must be stated on a printed wrapper. 



The extent to which coffee is adulterated by chicory is very great ; 

 the dishonest traders have a temptation to sophisticate, when coffee is 

 from three to six times the price of . chicory. But this is not all : 

 chicory itself is adulterated. Samples of chicory purchased at retail 

 shops have been chemically analysed, and have been found to contain 

 carrot, parsnip, mangel-wurzel, beaua, acorns, roasted corn, biscuit- 

 powder, and burnt sugar ; a few specially vile compounds were found 

 to contain sawdust, red earth, burnt rags, and oakum or rope-yarn. 

 CHIEF JUSTICE. [COURTS.] 



CHILBLAIN, a local but peculiar inflammation of the skin com- 

 monly appearing under one of three forms. The mildest form is 

 attended with redness, swelling, and a sense of itching, often quite 

 intolerable. In the second or severer form the colour of the swollen 

 part is of a deeper red, sometimes of a dark blue colour, and at other 

 times even of a purple hue. In the third or the severest form, small 

 vesicles rise on the surface of the reddened and swollen skin, which are 

 soon converted into sores, from which a thin irritating matter dis- 

 charges, the irritating nature of which it is difficult to alter, or to 

 bring the sores into a state of healthy suppuration. 



That the inflammation of which this troublesome complaint is the 

 consequence is of a peculiar kind, not very well understood, surgeons 

 conclude because they find that it is not relieved by the applications 

 which are most beneficial in ordinary inflammation. 



The exciting cause of chilblain is always cold, and more especially 

 cold applied after the part had been previously much heated. Hence 

 those persons are most subject to the complaint who have contracted 

 the bad habit of going immediately to the fire when they come home 

 in winter with their ringers and toes very cold. Hence also the chief 

 seats of the disease are those parts of the body which are most exposed 

 to sudden alternations of heat and cold, as the nose, ears, lips, heels, 

 and fingers. Young persons are more subject to it than adults, 

 females than males, and it seems most frequently to attack persons of 

 a fair skin. 



camphorated spirits with one of Goulard's extract. Some surgeons 

 speak highly of the efficacy of one part of the tincture of cantharides 

 to six of the common soap liniment as a lotion. But " one of the best 

 modes of curing chilbains of the milder kind is to rub them with snow 

 or ice-cold water, or to bathe them in ice-water several times a day, 

 keeping them immersed each time until the pain and itching abate. 

 After the parts have been rubbed or bathed in this way, they should 

 be well dried with a towel and covered with flannel or leather socks." 



The stimulating applications, only in a more diluted form, appear 

 also to be the best remedies when vesications arise. In this case the 

 application of heat to the part affected should be most carefully 

 avoided. When the vesicles terminate in sores, they require stimu- 

 lating dressings. 



But prevention in better than cure, and the most effectual mode of 

 guarding against the annoyance of this irritating and often exceedingly 

 protracted disease is to accustom the skin to moderate friction, to 

 avoid clothing the parts too warmly, to avoid still more carefully 

 sudden and great alternations of heat or cold ; and accordingly to take 

 particular care not to go immediately into a warm room or near a fire 

 out of the cold air ; and to wash the parts frequently with cold water. 

 (Cooper's ' Surgical Dictionary.') 



CHILD KILLING. [INFANTICIDE.] 



CHILD STEALING. [ABDUCTION.] 



CHI'LIAD (from X' A ") is ( or rather was) used to mean a thousand 

 consecutive numbers. Thus from 1 to 1000 forms the first chiliad, 

 from 1001 to 2000 the second, and so on. 



CHILTEKN HUNDREDS. A portion of the high laud of Buck- 



nghamshire is known by the name of the Chiltern hills. " Formerly 

 these hills were a forest, consisting principally of beech trees, whence 

 probably the name of the county, from bueh, German ; bece, Anglo- 

 Saxon, the beech-tree. These forests afforded shelter to numerous 

 banditti. To put these down, and to protect the inhabitants of the 

 neighbouring parts from their depredations, an officer was appointed 

 under the crown, called the steward of the Chiltern Hundreds." 

 [BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, in GEOO. Div.] The duties have long since 

 ceased, but the nominal office is retained to serve a particular pur- 

 pose. A member of the House of Commons, not in any way 

 disqualified, cannot resign his seat. A member therefore who 

 wishes to resign, accomplishes his object by accepting the steward- 

 ship of the Chilteru Hundreds, which being held to be a place 

 of honour and profit under the crown vacates his seat. This nominal 

 place is in the gift of the chancellor of the exchequer. Similar offices 

 are the manors of East Hendred, Northstead, and Hempholme, and the 

 escheatorship of Munster, which are used for the like purposes, and are 

 resigned immediately. 



CHIMES, a set of bells tuned to the modern musical scale, and 

 strvick by hammers acted on by a pinned cylinder or barrel, which 

 revolves by means of clock-work. The term is also applied to the 

 music, the tune, produced by mechanical means from the bells in a 

 steeple, tower, or common clock. 



Chimes differ from carillons (as the last word is commonly under- 

 stood in England), inasmuch as the bells of the former are acted on by 

 clock-work, those of the latter by keys struck by the hand. But the 

 French apptythe term carillon to the tune played, and, generally, to 

 the series of bells, whether sounded by machinery or by hand ; though 

 the most accurate writers distinguish the latter kind as le carillon a, 

 clavier. The carillons a clavier comprise three octaves of bells, sounded 

 by means of keys, similar to the pedals of an organ, which the per- 

 former strikes forcibly with hands clenched and sideways, the little 

 fingers being guarded by a thick covering of leather. These keyed- 

 carillons are found in many towns of Holland and the Netherlands. 

 At Ghent they are remarkable ; but the best specimen is at Amsterdam, 

 where the carilloneur (M. Pothofl^ formerly an organist in that city) 

 used to display an extraordinary command of the instrument, on which 

 he executed pieces in three parts the base by means of pedals with 

 a rapidity rarely exceeded by judicious performers on the organ. 



CHIMNEY (derived immediately from the French cheminee, which 

 conveys the idea of a narrow passage, a diminutive or feminine form 

 of chemin, but primarily from the Latin caminus), an enclosed passage 

 funnel, or tunnel (see remarks on the etymology of TUNNEL), for the 

 escape of smoke from a fire-place or furnace. The office of a chimney 

 is not merely the removal of smoke, but also the production of draught 

 to excite the combustion of the fire, by the heating and consequent rare- 

 faction of the column of air inclosed in the funnel, the rising of which 

 causes a partial vacuum, which should be filled with air admitted either 

 through or over the burning fuel. [SMOKE; FURNACE; WAEMINO AND 

 VENTILATION.] 



The construction of house-chimneys is briefly treated of under 

 HOUSE, but an explanatory diagram of a stack of chimneys is here 

 introduced. But before so doing we shall enumerate, on the authority 

 of Nicholson's ' Architectural Dictionary,' article " Chimney," the tech- 

 nical names given to the various parts of a chimney and fire-place. 

 That which builders term the fire-place is the square recess or opening, 

 facing the room, in which the stove is fixed or set. The hearth is the 

 flat piece of stone, or marble, or metallic plate, immediately under the 

 fire-place, while the large flat stone on the same level, but before the 

 fire-place, though very commonly called the hearth, is technically 

 called the slab. The vertical sides of the opening of the fire-place, and 

 the projections from the face of the wall at each extremity of the slab, 

 are the jambs ; and the horizontal head of the fire-place, the ends of 

 which rest upon the jambs, is styled the mantel. Covings are the 

 oblique facings of stone, marble, or metal, sometimes applied to the 

 inside of the jambs to reduce the space at the back of the fire-place. 

 Funnel is a general name applied to the cavity or passage of the 

 chimney, from the fire-place to the top of the wall, the lower part of 

 which, where the sides are sloped so as to contract the passage from 

 the dimensions of the top of the fire-place to those of the flue, is called 

 the gathering of the wings, or simply the gathering. The flue is the 

 long narrow passage which extends from the gathering to the top of 

 the wall, and which, whatever may be its course, should be of equal 

 dimensions throughout its whole length ; and the throat is the lower 

 end of the flue at its junction with the gathering. The breast is that 

 part of the wall which faces the apartment, and forms that side of the 

 funnel which lies parallel to it ; and the back is the opposite wall of the 

 flue, parallel with the breast, but at the side farthest from the apart- 

 ment. Withs are the narrow partition-walls which separate one flue 

 from another rising beside it, and which form the sides of the flue, the 

 breast and lack being considered the front and back. A stack, or 

 chimney-stack, is a wall containing a number of chimneys or flues 

 arranged side by side. The chimney -shaft is the turret rising above the 

 roof, to conduct a chimney or stack of chimneys to a sufficient height ; 

 and the chimney-top is the horizontal termination of the chimney-shaft, 

 which is commonly surmounted by chimney-pott, to contract the upper 

 end of the funnels or flues. 

 In modem English houses it is a common practice to form the 



