i 1II.OOAR15ETHAM1DE. 



CHI.OKIMETKV. 



theory, that the influence of the theory WM alwoluu-ly mill. The 

 habitual judgment of men upon human action* is not without it.- 

 effect. It has been jurtly remarked, that a bad action is better than a 

 bad principle : a bad action may remain isolated and solitary ; but a 

 bad principle U constantly fructifying ; for after all, it is the mind that 

 govern*; and a man acto from reflection much ofteuer than he is 

 himself aware of. In the age of chivalry, we repeat, the principles 

 were infinitely better than the acU Fur instance, at no period perhaps 

 has the intercourse between the sexes been more licentious ; yet never 

 was purity of manners more strongly enjoined or more feelingly 

 described ; and perhaps the fantastic elevation given to the female sex 

 by the laws of chivalry, may have tended ultimately to place woman 

 in her true position as the equal companion of man. Nor was purity 

 of manners a theme for poetic eulogy alone. We find from a multitude 

 of testimonies that the public thought in this particular as the poet 

 poke, that the prevailing moral notions were pure and noble amidst 

 ail the rudeness and licentiousness of conduct 



This, then, was the grand moral characteristic of chivalry, which 

 entitles it to an important place in the history of modern civilisation. 

 If, on the other hand, we regard it not in a moral but in a social point 

 of view, not as an idea but at) an institution, it merits but slight con- 

 sideration ; for though it had a great and stirring part in the world's 

 affairs, yet, as already shown, it did not constitute an actual specific 

 institution at all The feudal lords, the possessors of fiefs, were alone 

 chevaliers ; they alone, with few exceptions, had the right to become 

 so. The knights formed no separate class of society with distinct 

 functions and duties. Thus chivalry, properly so called, being insepa- 

 rably bound up with feudality, could not survive it* extinction ; and 

 accordingly, so^early as the 14th century, when compared with its 

 condition in the 12th, we find it rapidly declining. 



It had, however, given birth to the religious orders, as the Templars, 

 the knights of St. John, and the Teutonic knights ; and it was begin- 

 ning to produce the courtly orders those of garters and ribbons the 

 knighthood of mere rank and parade. It was destined to tincture yet 

 a long while the manners, the language, and the literature of European 

 society. But the true chivalry, that to which alone the name can 

 strictly be applied, flourished and fell with feudalism. 



CHLOCARBETHAMIDE. Chloracetamide. Trichloracetamide (NH, 

 (C.CljOJ. One of the chlorinated derivatives of acetamide. [AMIDES.] 



CHLONAPHTASE (C^HjCl). One of the numerous series of sub- 

 stitution products obtained by Laurent from naphthaline (C^K,). For 

 further details respecting these bodies, see Hitler's ' Elements of 

 Chemistry,' vol. iii. p. 577. 



CHLOR CHLORO. Prefixes applied to designate a very large 

 number of substances, chiefly organic, containing chlorine. The great 

 majority of these bodies constitute what are termed substitution pro- 

 ducts, which are produced by the substitution of a certain number of 

 atoms of chlorine for the same number of atoms of hydrogen in an 

 organic body. Thus chloracetic acid (C,C1H.0 4 ,HO) is acetic acid in 

 which one atom of hydrogen has been replaced by one of chlorine. 

 Some of these substitution products are described under their respective 

 names, the rest, if of any importance, are mentioned under the name of 

 the substance from which the derived name has been formed, by the 

 addition of one of the above prefixes. Thus Chluran iliac will be found 

 under ANILIXK. CUonbaaoic Acid under BENZUIC ACID, 4c. 



CHLORACETAMIC ACID, Quadnchloracelamidc[KHCl(C t Cl,0,)], 

 one of the chlorine substitution products derived from acetamidt. 



rllLORACETAMIDE. [CBLOCARBETRAMIDE.] 



( II LORACETHYPHIDE, another name f or phosphide of fncAfora- 

 ntyl, or, an it might be more appropriately called, trictiloracetphof/ifia- 



/ IC.C1,0,\ 

 Mide f P j H J. [AMIDES.] 



^ ( If * 



CHLORACETIC ACID (C.H.C10,, HO), a substitution acid ob- 

 Uiued by exposing acetic acid diluted with half an atom of water to 

 dry chlorine, in the shade. If the action takes place in sun-light, 

 trirhl'irai-rtic acid is produced. Chloracetic acid closely resembles 

 acetic acid in its appearance and properties, and it is only of interest as 

 showing that the hydrogen of negative organic bodies may be replaced 

 by chlorine with scarcely any sensible alteration in properties. 



CHLORAL, TricMoraldehydc, TriM, r ;,,,,t,,/ 1,,,,/,-iile of Othyl (C.C1, 

 O, H), a liquid prepared by Liebig with chlorine and alcohol, from the 

 first syllables of which words its name is derived. To form it, a cur- 

 rent of dry chlorine gas is passed into anhydrous alcohol, at first kept 

 cool, but afterwards sufficiently heated to expel the hydrochloric acid 

 formed. During the action of these substances one portion of the 

 chlorine unite* with the hydrogen of the alcohol to form hydrochloric 

 acid, and another portion with iU oxygen and carbon to constitute 



portion of hydrochloric acid. It i then to be shaken with concen- 

 trated milphuric acid, which combines with the water, and the chloral 

 rises in a fluid state to the surface ; this is to be mixed with lime, and 

 by distillation the chloral is obtained free from hydrochloric ae.i.1. 



Chloral U a colourless transparent oily-looking fluid ; its xm> 11 in 

 pungent, and iU taste but slight ; its specific gravity is 1'602 ; at about 

 200 Fahr. it bouXand the vapour condenses unchanged. Water when 



warmed dissolves chloral, but when mixed with a small quant it 

 they combine, when agitated, into a solid crystalline hydrate. By 

 alcoholic solution of potash or soda it is decomposed, formiate of potash 

 and chloroform being produced. [OTIIYI., HYDRIDE or]. 



CHLORALBIN (C,,H.Cg. A chlorinated derivative of carl-olic 

 acid. 



CHLORALIDE (C.jH.C^O. ?). An unimportant product of the 

 decomposition of CHLORAL. 



CHLORALOIL (C,,C10,?). A product of the action of ehWine 

 u|x'ii the juice of the aloe. 



CHLORAMILAL (C, H,CLO. f). A liquid product of the action 

 of chlorine upon amylio alcohol. It appears to stand in the same 

 relation toamylic alcohol as chloral does to vinic alcohol. [CHLORAL.] 



CHLORANIL. [QUINOXE, PERCULOHINATED QULNONE.] 



CHLORANILAM. [QUINOXIC ACID]. 



( IILORANILAMIC ACID. [QuiKosio ACID.] 



CHLORANILAMIDE. [QuisoNic ACID.] 



CHLORANILAMMON. [Quisomc ACID.] 



CHLORATES. [CHLORINE ; CHLORIC ACID.] 



CHLORAZOL (C.H.Cl,N,O.f), a very poisonous acid liquid, 

 obtained by the action of nitrohydrochloric acid upon albumen. It 

 possesses a very penetrating odour, is insoluble in water, but soluble in 

 alcohol, and has a specific gravity of 1*555. 



CHLORAZOSUCC1C ACID. [Succrmc Am..] 



CHLORELAYL-HYPOSULPHURIC ACID. [CHLOROMETHH.. 



SULPHUROUS ACID.] 



CHLORETHERAL. [ETHER.] 



CHLOREXTHOSE, Oxide of perchiorobrominatcd ethyl (C.d.Br.0,) 

 [ETHER.] 



CHLORHYDRIC ACID. [CHLORINE; HYDROCHLORIC ACID.] 



CHLORHYDRIN, or Ifydrothlorate of Glycerin, less water. Accord- 

 ing to M. Berthelot, three chlorhydrins exist : 



Monoohlorhydrin , . C,H,C1O, = HC1 + C,H,O, 2HO 

 Dichlorhydrin . . . C.H t CI 2 O, = JUC1 + C.11,0, 4HO 

 Kplchlorhydrin . . . C,H,C1O, = HC1 + C,H,O, 4HO 



MvnofMorltydrin is obtained by saturating glycerin with hydrochloric 

 acid gas and maintaining the mixture at the temperature of boiling 

 water for thirty-six hours. Saturation with carbonate of potash, agi- 

 tation with ether, and evaporation of the ethereal solution, will yield a 

 product that by distillation at a temperature of 440 Fahr. furnishes 

 nearly pure monochlorhydrin. It may be quite purified by treating 

 with lime and ether. 



This substance is a neutral oil, of a cooling ethereal odour and a 

 sweetish ta&te, becoming after a time pungent. It is misuible with 

 water and ether. It burns with a white flame bordered witl. 

 and gives off hydrochloric acid. It is slowly and with .In 

 saponified by oxide of lead, glycerin being set free. It remains fluid ut 

 85" below the zero of Fahrenheit's thermometer. 



DieUorhydrin is prepared by dissolving glycerin in twelve or four- 

 teen times its weight of fuming hydrochloric acid, and subjecting tin- 

 mixture to a temperature of 212 Fahr. for eight hours. It is purified 

 in the same way as monochlorhydriii. 



Dichlorhydrin is also a neutral oil, of decided ethereal odour. Its 

 density is 1'87. Boiling point, 352 Fahr. In other respects it much 

 resembles monochlorhydriii. 



/:/,i'/,/:,,-/,i/</rin is formed when dichlorhydrin is exposed for many 

 hours in hermetically sealed vessels, filled with hydrochloric gas, to a 

 temperature of 212 Fahr., or when dichlorhydrin is heated for some 

 time with large excess of fuming hydrochloric acid. It is purified in 

 the same manner as the other chlorhydrins. Its odour resembles 

 chloride of ethyl, but is more persistent. Its specific gravity is between 

 1-2 and 1-3. Boiling point, between 248 Fahr. and 266 Fahr. Its 

 chemical composition is indicated above. 



CHLORHYDROPHEN I UK. | PIIENVL, CHLORIDE or.] 



CHLORHYDROPROTEIC ACID. The precipitate produced by 

 hydrochloric acid in a solution of albumen is regarded by Mulder as a 

 peculiar acid to which be has given this name. It contains 37 per cent, 

 of hydrochloric acid. 



CHLOBIC ACID. [CHLORINE.] 



CHLORIDES. Compounds of chlorine with otli. . The 



compounds with non-metallic bodies will be found under CIILOIIIM , 

 Mini t how with metals under the names of the respective metals ; thus 

 chloride of manganese will be found under MANOAUKSE, Ac. 



< II LORIMETRY (Chlorometry). The measuring of the amount of 

 chlorine available for bleaching or disinfecting purposes in any com- 

 pound in which it is contained. 



The estimation of the commercial value of a sample of bleaching 

 powder (chloride of lime) [CALCIUM, Chlorine and], is most conve- 

 viently performed by the process known as Italton'i tett. This opera- 

 tion is based on three chemical facts : first, protoxide of iron is con- 

 verted into peroxide of iron by the action of free or loosely combined 

 chlorine ; second, the amount of chlorine necessary to effect this action on 

 a given weight of protoxi.le of iron i always the same; third, red prus- 

 siate of potash (ferricyanide of potassium) gives with -irotosalts of iron 

 a blue i.i.'.-i|.it:ite. with pen-alts of iron no precipitate; this last 

 i -naltli'M tin- experimenter to ascertain when the action is complete. 



H follow, therefore, that as we know what amount of chlorine is 



