clIl.oKINI-. 



i Ml.iiRODRACONESIC ACID. 



Bp.fr. 

 1-068 

 1-0(6 

 1-064 

 1-OM 

 l-OSO 

 1-058 

 1-OiS 

 1-054 

 1-OiJ 

 1-050 

 1-048 

 1-046 



I. - 

 1346 

 13-05 

 :. < 

 11-SS 

 11-84 

 11-41 



iros 



10-61 

 10-10 



-:8 

 * 



8p.lT. 

 1-044 

 1-041 

 1-040 



l-oss 



1-016 

 1-034 

 1-031 

 1-030 

 1-018 

 1-0 J6 

 1-014 

 1-011 



1'rr cent. 

 8-99 

 8-S8 

 8-1T 



7-:c 



7-36 

 095 

 6-54 

 6-13 

 -72 

 5-3 1 

 4-90 

 4-49 



8p. ft. 

 1-020 

 1 018 

 1-016 

 1-014 

 1-011 

 1-010 

 1-008 

 1-006 

 1-004 

 1-002 



I-,: Mt 

 4-08 

 3-67 



1-85 

 1-45 

 1-04 

 1-G3 

 1-11 

 0-82 

 0-11 



Chlorine unites with several of the non-metallic bodies [BROMINE, 

 IODINE, PHOSPHORUS, SELENIUM, and SULPHUR]. Having already 

 given an account of boron and carbon, wo shall briefly state the ii.it un- 

 of the chlorides of these elementary bodies. 

 Chlorine and boron form 



TerrUoride of Baron (BC1,). It was found by Davy that boron, 

 when recently prepared, burns in chlorine gas ; Berzelius remarked 

 that if the boron be previously rendered compact, combustion does not 

 occur until these elements are heated. The resulting compound is a 

 colourless gas, which, when freed from excess of chlorine by means of 

 mercury, has the following properties : it is colourless ; its specific 

 gravity U 4'079 ; it is readily soluble in water, by decomposing a 

 p. .rtii.ii of which hydrochloric and boracic acids are obtained : the 

 same effect is produced, accompanied with a white vapour, when the 

 gas escapes into the atmosphere. It combines with ammonia to form 

 a crystalline compound, the nature of which has not been minutely 

 examined. 



Chlorine and Carbon form four different chlorides ; namely, the di- 

 chloride, protochloride, sesquichloride, and bichloride. No combination 

 can be effected between these elements by direct action ; carbon, even 

 heated to whiteness in the gas, does not form any compound with it. 

 The discovery of several of these compounds is due to Mr. Faraday. 

 (' Phil. Trans.' 1821.) 



The difhloride of carbon (C t C\J is obtained from protochloride of 

 carbon, by causing the latter to pass several times through a tube 

 heated to bright redness. It occurs in small soft colourless fibres ; it 

 fuses when heated, and at 250 sublimes and condenses unchanged. It 

 is insoluble in water, acid, and alkalies, but may be dissolved in hot 

 oil of turpentine and in alcohol, re-crystallising as the solutions cool ; 

 it burns with a red flame, yielding much smoke and hydrochloric acid 

 vapour. 



The tfttjaiciilariJe of rarbon (C,C1,) which it will be most convenient, 

 alt IP nigh not in strict order, to consider next, is formed when olefiant 

 gas, a compound of hydrogen and carbon [CARBON], is mixed with 

 chlorine ; they combine to form an oil-like liquid which is composed of 

 chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen ; by exi>osure to the direct rays of the 

 sun, hydrochloric acid and Besquichloride of carbon are formed by ite 

 decomposition. 



This chloride is solid ; its smell is rather aromatic ; it is a non- 

 conductor of electricity ; its specific gravity is 2. It melts at 320", 

 and at a higher temperature may be distilled without suffering any 

 change ; water dissolves it but sparingly ; it is soluble in alcohol, 

 ether, and the fixed and volatile oils. Its vapour density is 8-157. 



It burns when strongly heated, but is not acted upon either by acids 

 or alkalies ; when passed with hydrogen through a red-hot tube, hydro- 

 chloric acid is funned and carbon deposited. 



The pnloehloride of carbon (CC1.) is obtained by passing the sesqui- 

 chloride in vapour through a red-hot porcelain tube; chlorine gas 

 escapes in such proportion as to reduce the sesquichloride to a proto- 

 chloride, which is a limpid colourless liquid of specific gravity T552 : 

 it is not solidified at Kahr. Its boiling (mint is 248, and the specific 

 gravity of its vapour 5-820. When repeatedly distilled it suffers no 

 cliange. 



The bichloride of carbon (C,Cl t ) is best formed by passing chlorine 

 through bisulphide of carbon, and the mixed vapours through a porce- 

 lain tube heated to redness. On condensing and purifying by washing 

 and distillation, it is obtained as a limpid colourless liquid of specific 

 gravity 1'599; boiling point 172*; vapour density 6'30. Cooled to 

 9* it solidifies to a maw of pearly crystals. 



CHLORINE, Medical Via. When pure and concentrated, chlorine 

 U very deleterious ; it acts as an irritant poison. Its action is most 

 violent and speedy when it is brought into contact with the respiratory 

 organs ; it then occasions such violent spasms of the glottis, or opening 

 of the windpipe, that instant death may ensue. To enable chlorine to 

 pass this orifice it must be very largely diluted with atmospheric air, or 

 aqueous vapour. A strong solution of it introduced into the stomach 

 causes irritation, inflammation, and death ; and even a stream of the 

 gas, or aqueous vapour of it, directed upon the skin, will cause a 

 pricking or stinging sensation, followed by an eruption of pimples or 

 even vesicles. Notwithstanding its formidable properties, it has been 

 used in several cases with such success that no adequate substitute can 

 be found for it. As a disinfecting agent, or means of decomposing am 

 rendering innoxious putrid miasmata, and other sources of disease, 1 

 is unrivalled. For this purpose it may either be directly mingled will 

 the air of the infected place, by preparing it on the spot, or by moan. 



f one of Morveau's disinfecting bottles ; or it may be gradually libe- 

 rated from some of its combination*, such as the chloride of soda or 



e. This last method is best when human beings remain in the 

 partmont ; but tin- former is preferable, when they have been re- 

 moved, for purifying the wards of hospitals, cells of gaols, or holds of 

 hips. \Vlu n not in a very concentrated fonn, the respiratory organs 

 >ecome habituated to breathing it, and the workmen in manufactories 

 where it is used enjoy a marked immunity from epidemic fevers, and 

 attain a considerable age. 



From having been observed to allay chronic cough existing among 

 ho workmen of certain manufactures, it has been proposed t<> 

 laled in a diluted state in several chronic affections/if the lungs, such 

 as asthma, chronic bronchitis, and even phthisis puhuonaris, 01 

 sumption. In the two former it is of some utility, in the latter it i- 

 a mere palliative, but is attended with the advantage of destroying 

 the foctor of the breath, which is distressing both to the patient ami 

 attendants. The chlorine employed in this way must ! 

 mre, the preparation frequently renewed, of uniform strength of 14 

 olume of chlorine in solution, and carefully preserved from the mm- 

 ight, which decomposes it. It may be breathed in a small quant ity 

 out of a proper apparatus four or five times a day. 



A weak solution of chlorine has been employed, introduced into the 

 stomach, with considerable success in indigestion, with loss of ap; 

 oaded tongue, and foul taste in the mouth. 



Its employment in the form of a bath is not common, but occa- 

 sionally useful, from its irritant effect on the skin. It is doubtful 

 whether it possesses the specific effect upon the liver which some 

 ascribe to it. 



In case of poisoning by the gas, inhaling ammonia or sulphuretted 

 lydrogen in small quantity is useful. Should an overdose of the solu- 

 tion be swallowed, chalk, magnesia, or other alkali, or white of egg in 

 water, or a draught of milk, would be proper as an antidote. On tip- 

 opposite hand, chlorine is said to be a valuable antidote in case of 

 wisoning by hydrocyanic (prussic) acid, sulphuretted hydrogen, or 

 iiydrosulphate of ammonia. 



CHLORIODIC ACID, Choride of iodine, a compound of chlorine 

 ind iodine, which on account of its acid properties was termed an 

 acid by Davy, but by Oay-Lussac simply ciilorule of iodine, ho being 

 of opinion that the acidity of its solution arises from the presence of 

 hydrochloric and iodic acids, generated by the decomposition of water. 



Iodine, when dry, absorbs chlorine at common temperatures with 

 the evolution of heat: when the iodine is perfectly saturated with 

 chlorine, the compound is orange-yellow, but reddish-orange if the 

 iodine be in excess. By heat it is converted into a yellow-col 

 liquid, yielding a vapour of the same colour when the temperature 

 is increased. It is deliquescent, readily soluble in water, and forms a 

 colourless solution which is very sour to the tante, first reddens and 

 then destroys vegetable blue colours. It probably consists of 1 equi- 

 valent of chlorine and 1 equivalent of iodine. 



CHLORIODOFORM (C.HC1.I). This body, which may be regarded 

 ; <-hl<>rofonn, in which one equivalent of chlorine has been replaced 

 l.y iodine, is obtained by heating iodofonn with bichloride of mercury. 

 It is a yellow liquid of an aromatic odour, and a specific gravity 

 of 1-96. 



CHLOR1SATHYDIC ACID, a chlorinated substitution product 

 derived from indigo. 



CHLOROCAHBOHYPOSULPHURIC ACID. [TmcHi.OHMKTim 

 SULPHUROUS ACID.] 



CHLOROCARBONIC ACID GAS, Ojn/Moride of Carbon (COC1) 

 This acid, called by Dr. Davy, who discovered it, phutgtne gat (from (fait, 

 light, and ytnw>, to produce), was formed by exposing a mixture of 

 equal volumes of dry chlorine and carbonic oxide gases to the solar 

 rays; combination takes place rapidly, but without explosion, and they 

 contract to half their bulk ; day-light produces the effect slowly, but 

 in the dark it does not take place at all. 



Chlorocarbonic acid gas is colourless, has a strong smell, and reddens 

 litmus paper even when dry ; it decomposes water, and there are 

 formed hydrochloric and carbonic acids. Several metals when heated 

 in it decompose it ; they are converted into chlorides, and c:i 

 oxide is evolved. The specific gravity of this gas is 8-68. AVlun 

 mixed with amraoniacal gas it condenses four times its volume, and 

 forms chloride of ammonium and carbamide, 



2(.NH,) + COC1 = NH.C1 + NCOH,. 



( III,OROCHLORIC ACID. [CIILOBUIK.] 



CHLOROCHROMIC ACID. [CmtoHlUM.] 



I'HI.OROCINNOSE (('..H.Cl.OJ, a compound produced by (In- 

 action of cUorine upon oil of cinnamon. When pure, it exists in the 

 state of brilliant, colourless, ocicular crystals, which fuse and volatilise 

 by heat without change. Even when heated in concentrated sulphuric 

 acid it is not decomposed, nor is it altered by heating in ammoniacal 

 gas. It appears that its formation depends upon the displaces 

 4 equivalents of hydrogen from oil of cinnamon by 4 cquival 

 chlorine. 



CHLOEOCYAKIC ACID. [CTANOQEN.] 



CHLORODRACONESIC ACID ((', n H.clO n ). rl,l.,rai*if. add. a 

 chlorinated substitution product derived from anisic acid. [Axi*i<- 

 A.m. | 



