CHORD. 



IK'REA. 



Tfck has three inventions, which also we extract from M. Catel's 

 treatise: 



4 

 B3 



lit Inrruion. Ind Inversion. 3rd Invtnlon. 



\V P hare een, that by adding to the Perfect Chord a 3rd above it* 

 5th, thr chord of the Seventh is formed : by the further addition of 

 thirds, theorists form other chords, sometimes called chnrth hi/ mppn- 

 ntioK. These are, the chord of the Ninth, of the Eleventh, and of the 

 Thirteenth. The last three chorda, as well an others presently to be 

 mentioned, are merely chords of retardation : or, in other words, the 

 dissonant notes in them are but appoggiaturas. 



The chord of the Ninth consists of a given note, its 8rd, 6th, and 

 9th, the discord retarding the 8th. Example : 



t? 



98 



The chord of the Eleventh (more commonly called the chord of the 

 Sharp Seventh), consists of a given note, its 4th (or llth), 5th, major 

 7th, and 9th. It is a retardation of the perfect chord, the 9th and 7th 

 retarding the 8th, and the 4th retarding the 3rd, of the perfect chord. 

 Example : 



This chord u almost invariably figured by a JT, accompanied by a 5th, 

 4th, and 2nd ; but as the discord of the 2nd is always resolved in the 

 hue, it cannot, under such name, form a part of the chord of the 

 eleventh. 



The chord of the Thirteenth consists of a given note, its 4th, 6th (or 

 13th), major 7th, and 9th. This is a retardation of the perfect minor 

 chord, the 4th and 6th retarding the 3rd and 5th, the 7th and 9th 

 retarding the 8th. Example : 



The chord of the Fifth and Second conoista of a given note, its 2nd 

 and 6th. Example : 



* 





Albrechstbcrgcr considers thin chord as one form of the chord of the 

 Eleventh, but the discord being resolved in the base proves it to be a 

 2nd, not a 9th. It is, in fact, the Sixth retarded by the base. 



The chord of the Fifth and Fourth consists of a given note, it- Itli 

 and 5th, and retards the perfect chord, the 4th retarding the 3rd. 

 Example : 



The chord of the Ninth and Fourth consists of a given note, its 4th, 

 5th, and Oth. This also retards the perfect chord, the 4th and 9th 

 retarding the 8rd and 8th. Example : 



We will only add that the nomenclature of chords stands much in 

 need of correction ; but, unhappily, it is not the only branch of the 

 theory of music that is confused and perplexing, from want of logical 

 accuracy and lucid arrangement. 



CHOHEA (remotely from the Qreelt xP'< a , and immediately from 

 the Latin chorea, a dance with singing Chorea s Saint 



Vitua's Dance), a dinmiso affecting with irregular movements the 

 muscles of voluntary motion, theae muscles being no longer under the 

 command of the will, and the power both of walking and of using the 

 arms and hands being impaired. The chief external manifestation* of 

 this disease are in the muscles of voluntary motion ; but its real seat 

 is in certain internal organs, frequently in those which belong to 

 the apparatus of digestion. If the history of any case of chorea be 

 carefully examined from the commencement, it will be found that the 

 more manifest disorder has been preceded by deranged appetite, which 

 is sometimes voracious, and at other times altogether lost ; by consti- 

 pated bowels, and by imperfect digestion. There is at the same time 

 a remarkable failure of the general physical strength. The derange- 

 ment in these organic functions is always accompanied with a greater 

 or lees degree of mental disorder. The mind is irritable and fretful, 

 and oftentimes reserved, gloomy, and desirous of solitude. After this 

 state of physical and mental disorder has continued some time, and the 

 languor, lassitude, and general weakness of the system have p. 

 tionally increased, there come on irregular and involuntary twitchings 

 of the muscles, particularly the muscles of the face, which at first are 

 thought by the friends of the patient to be merely the effect of 

 tion. But these convulsive motions progressively increase, until the 

 muscles of the extremities, face, lower jaw, head, and trunk, all become 

 agitated with violent and irregular movements. In this case the 

 patient is incapable of walking steadily, his gait is jumping or starting ; 

 sometimes he is altogether unable to walk, and seems palsied, while he. 

 is equally unable to perform the ordinary motions with the affected 

 arm. 



A century and a half ago Sydenham gave the following graphic and 

 correct description of the convulsive motions characteristic of this 

 disease when fully formed. " First it shows itself by a lameness or 

 r.ither instability of one of the legs, which the patient drags after him 

 like a fool. Afterwards it appears in the hand of the same side, \vlii. I, 

 he that is affected with the disease can by no means keep in the same 

 posture for one moment ; if it be brought to the breast or any other 

 part, it will be distorted to another position or place by a convulsion, 

 let the patient do what he can. If a cup of drink be put in- 

 hand he represents a thousand gestures, like jugglers, before he brings 

 it to his mouth; for whereas carry it to hi moutli 



right line, his hand being drawn liitlier and thither by the convulsion : 

 he turns it often about for some time, till at length, happily re. 

 his lips, he flings it suddenly into his mouth, and drinks it greed 

 if designing only to make sport." 



As the disease advances the power of distinct articulation is lost: 

 even the deglutition becomes difficult, in some cases, to such a < 

 that fluids are forcibly thrown up tim tin- pharynx in attempts at 

 swallowing them : the eyes lose their lustre ; the complexion becomes 

 pallid and muddy; the expression of the countenance languid and 

 vacant ; and in the severest cases the mouth is variously twisted and 

 the saliva drivels from it ; the tongue is protruded irregularly and 

 spasmodically; the eyes are distorted and rolled in \ '-lions, 



and the sight is occasionally defective. The muscles meantime 1 

 soft and flaccid; emaciation takes place; the pulse is weak. l>ut not 

 much quickened ; the urine is pale and copious, and the bow , ! 

 always constipated. 



The mind, irritable from the commencement, is now harassed by 

 painful images and incongruous ideas, which every al ide to 



conceal, and various desires and emotions are pro.l .-times 



without apparent cause. This disordered condition of the mind, when 

 the disease is sever* MIM) long-continued, nit- < in a 



state of fatuity, of which the pallid, listle 

 the external sign and expression. 



Thiudiseam- is common to Imth sexes, but it in much more frequent 

 in the female than in the male, in the proportion of a! 

 former to on, of the latter. It seldom attacks before the 8tl 

 after the 16th or 16th, y. Ithonpji no period oi lit'.- is wholly 



it. The - that are affected, and the 



sometimes partial, at other times general ; but most commonly they 

 are partial, and sometimes they are strictly confined to one side. The 

 duration of the disease may vary from a few weeks to many months. 



Chorea is often associated with other affections more or leas closely 

 allied to it in nature, and al- m. In the female it is 



v. ith elil.-r..-H. with the .ipprewion of 

 and with hysteria, and in the male with 

 y. Occasionally it terminates in 

 particularly hydroccphalus, and, as has been 

 Caw* are on record in which it has termi- 

 M, and inflammation of the brain, followed 

 by coma, and death. I ' (ton accompanies disease of the heart. 



Such being the occasional issue, the disease ought in no case to be 

 neglected or trifled with, especially when, as is invariably the case, the 

 postponement of the proper treatment greatly increases the difficulty 

 of the cure. In general, under proper management., the disease is 

 removed without difficulty, and the return to health is commonly 



! ' ' T . . I - . i -. . , I 



the catamenial disc 



- 



epilepsy, pan 

 stated, complete idi 

 nated in violent conv 



