CHRYODINE. 



CHURCH. 



utility of a pendulum ; and we are persuaded that not many years will 

 elapse before it will be universally adopted, both by composers and 



n formers. That an advance has been made in its use is evident 

 ni the fact, that some composers and editors at the commence- 

 ment of their printed pieces, now mark the time as indicated by the 

 METRONOME. 



CHRYODINE. A dark violet-coloured matter, produced by the 

 action of sulphuric acid upon chrysammic acid. 



CHRYSAMIDE. [CHBTSAMMIC ACID.] 



CHRYSAMIDIC ACID. [CHRYSAMMIC ACID.] 



CHRYSAMMIC ACID (C^H^XOJ.O,), is the product of the 

 action of nitric acid upon extract of aloes. One part of the extract is 

 heated in a capacious retort with eight parts of nitric acid of 

 sp. gr. 1'37, and the mixture distilled till two-thirds of the nitric acid 

 has passed over ; an additional three or four parts of nitric acid is now 

 added, and the whole kept at a temperature a little below the boiling 

 point till no more gas is evolved. The re-action is complete in about 

 three or four days, and on diluting the resulting liquid with water, 

 chryaammic acid is precipitated, which, after washing with a little 

 water, should present the appearance of a sparkling grayish-yellow 

 powder; probably, however, it will be contaminated with a little 

 aloetic acid [ALGETIC ACID], on account of insufficient oxidation. In 

 that case it must be treated with a cold solution of carbonate of 

 potash ; the very soluble aloetate of potash separated by filtration and 

 washing from the slightly soluble chrysammate of potash, and the latter 

 dissolved in boiling water, and the chrysammic acid precipitated by 

 nitric acid. 



Thus obtained, the chrysammic acid is quite pure. It has the form 

 of golden-yellow lustrous plates, is very slightly soluble in cold water, 

 but a little more so in boiling water, yielding a solution of a purple-red 

 tint, and a bitter taste. It is also soluble in alcohol, ether, and strong 

 acids. Heated chrysammic acid decomposes with violent explosion, 

 producing nitrous vapours and an odour resembling oil of bitter 

 almonds. 



The chrysammatet containing an equivalent of a metal in the place of 

 an equivalent of hydrogen in the chrysammic acid, are remarkable for 

 their slight solubility. The crystalline salts have a greenish gold colour, 

 and the insoluble amorphous salts take the same tint on nibbing with 

 a hard body. 



Chrysammate of potash (C lt HKfN0 4 ).,0 4 ) crystallises in the form of 

 flat rhoniboidal plates, that possess an interesting polarising action 

 upon light transmitted through them. 



Chri/satii; acid (Schunk's aloeresinic acid) is the name given by 

 Mulder to an acid obtained on boiling chrysammic acid with caustic 

 potash, and precipitating with an acid. It has a deep brown colour, 

 and forms salts with most of the bases. 



Ckriiindine is the product of the action o concentrated boiling 

 sulphuric acid on chrysammic acid. Its colour is intense violet. It 

 has not been particularly examined. 



Cltrytamide (C,;H 3 (NO,),NO t ), obtained on boiling chrysammic acid 

 with solution of ammonia : 



O t + NII 3 2HO = C 11 II 3 (N0 4 ),,NO, ! 



Chryxammio 



acid. 



Ammonia, 



Chrysamide. 



The solution, on cooling, deposits the substance in acicular crystals, 

 reddish-brown by transmitted light, and having a green metallic lustre 

 by reflected light. 



Ckrytamidic acid (C 14 H 5 (N0 4 ).,Np 4 ) is formed when chrysammic 

 acid is boiled with dilute hydrochloric or sulphuric acids, 

 C 14 H,(N0 4 ),0 4 + NH 3 = C 14 H 5 (N0 4 ) 8 N0 4 



Chrysammic 

 acid. 



Ammonia. Chrysamidic acid. 



It crystallises, on the cooling of the solution, in needles that, when 

 dry, have a deep olive-green colour. It forms salts with bases that 

 resemble the chrysammates, but which may be distinguished from 

 them by yielding ammonia when gently warmed with solution of 



*** Uydrocliri/samide (C,,H (NO,)N0 2 ) results on boiling chrysammic 

 acid with solution of sulphide of potassium containing excess of 

 cauAic potash. It crystallises on cooling under the form of beauti- 

 fully-coloured needles. 



( "HKYSAMUO ACID. [INDIGO.] 



CHRY8ANISIC ACID. (C, ) H 1 (Nq 4 ) 3 ? .) An acid obtained by 

 boiling nitranisic acid with fuming nitric acid. It crystallises in small 

 scales of a magnificent gold colour. It is insoluble in water, but 

 goluble in hot alcohol and ether. It is a monobasic acid, and forms an 

 extensive series of salts termed chrysammlts. It may be regarded as 

 picric acid, in which one equivalent of hydrogen has been replaced by 

 the compound radical methyl, thus : 



Picric acid C 12 H 3 (NO 4 ) 3 O., 



Cbryaanisic acid C 12 H s (C 8 H 3 )(NO,) 3 Oj. 



CHRYSA'NTHEMUM, a name applied to a genus of composite 

 flowers, most of which are wild in different parts of Europe, and of 

 little general interest ; it is however popularly known from its also 



comprehending the Chrysanthemum Sinense, a Chinese half-shrubby 

 plant, whose numerous varieties constitute one of the chief ornaments 

 of gardens in the months of October, November, and December. 



The native state of this species is not certainly known, all the many 

 varieties now hi gardens having been bought in the markets of Macao, 

 from the Chinese traders. [CHRYSANTHEMUM, NAT. HIST. Div.] In 

 the cultivated state the plant has bluish-green broad leaves with sharp 

 serratures and deep lacerations; and the flower-heads consist ex- 

 clusively of ligulate florets of almost every colour, except blue. Pure 

 white, bright yellow, deep and pale red, rich purple, and a dark mo- 

 rone brown, occur in different varieties of this favourite flower, and 

 together contribute to the beauty for which the species is so much 

 admired. It is probable that the numerous varieties cultivated by 

 the Chinese, and now introduced to Europe, have been the result of 

 ages of careful improvement, and that their properties have been 

 derived partly from mere sporting and partly from intermixture with 

 allied species unknown in Europe ; for among those now cultivated are 

 varieties remarkably different in constitution, many being capable of 

 bringing their beautiful flowers to perfection in the open air, and 

 thriving well even in the confined spaces and corrupted air of large 

 towns, while others hardly unfold them even beneath the atmosphere 

 of a green-house or stove. They all strike root with great facility by 

 cuttings, which should be taken from the parent plant at midsummer, 

 and planted in a cool frame under a bell-glass. After rooting they 

 may be successively transferred from one sized pot to another, until 

 they have formed two or three stout stems ready for flowering, when 

 they must be finally left at rest. If the soil in which they grow is 

 rich, and the air cool and moderately moist, with a free exposure to 

 light, cuttings struck at midsummer will flower beautifully in the 

 succeeding autumn. The size and perfection of their flowers is 

 increased by about half of the flowerheads that naturally appear being 

 destroyed. As the varieties of this plant are very numerous, ami 

 very different in their degrees of hardiness and beauty, it will bo 

 necessary for the grower to ascertain the nature of the varieties he is 

 about to cultivate. 



The varieties of the hardy class may be cultivated without any 

 protection by having their stems pegged down upon the surface of the 

 earth, so as not to be allowed to rise more than a few inches above it 

 when in flower. So treated they form . charming ornament of a 

 flower-garden ; but the other kinds do not like this treatment. 



Seeds of these plants have been obtained at Oxford and in Jersey, 

 and many new varieties have been raised, among which are some that 

 rival the handsomest of the Chinese sorts. 



CHRYSATIC ACID. [CHHYSAMMIO ACID.] 



CHRYSEN (C^H,) is one of the numerous compounds formed in 

 coal tar. It is a yellow crystalline solid, melting at a temperature 

 of 455. 



CHRYSOLEPIC ACID. [CARBAZOTIC ACID.] 



CHRYSOPHANIC ACID. (C, H S O ?) Bhubaroanc Add, Khobar, 

 barin, lilicin, RlicicAcid, R}ieumin,-[tJiapont!ci>i,Jiiimicin, is found in the 

 Parmdia parietina. It occurs in the form of golden yellow crystals, 

 and with solutions of potash and ammonia, in alcohol, yields a 

 beautiful red colour. 



CHRYSORHAMNIN (C^H^O,,), the yellow colouring matter 

 of Persian berries the fruit of the Rhamnus amyydalinus. It crystal- 

 lises in beautiful golden yellow stellar groups. By solution in water 

 or in alcohol it is decomposed, and converted in xanthorhamnin 

 (C M H, S 14 ). It is soluble in ether without decomposition, and in 

 deposited again on evaporation of the solution. 



CHURCH, or KIRK, which is precisely the same word in a varied 

 orthography, is supposed to be the Greek word Kupia<is (kuriakos), a 

 derivative of xvpios (lord), one of the designations of Jesus Christ, the 

 founder of the Christian system. It is one of the Saxon adoptions 

 from the Greek. Kvpuwos is an adjective, and we must understand 

 after it some word denoting flock, or house, the Lord's flock, the Lord's 

 house ; the two senses in which kirk, or church, is used. 



Of church, as denoting an edifice appropriated to Christian purposes, 

 we treat in a separate article. We have now to speak of it as a terra 

 used to designate bodies or commvmities of men, when contemplated 

 under the aspect of being persons who are followers of the Lord Jesus 

 Christ. We shall endeavour to exhibit and illustrate the various 

 senses in which it is used with as much completeness as our limite 

 will allow. The word church has been used from the most remote 

 period to represent the Greek term eVn\ijcria (eccle'sia), which often 

 occurs in the New Testament, which was adopted into the Latin 

 language without any change, and which gives us our words ecclesiastics 

 and ecclesiastical, which correspond to the Saxon terms churchmen, 

 and of churchmen. The meaning of the word cccletia among the 

 classical Greek writers is " meeting or assembly," and in this or the 

 somewhat modified sense of " community " it was adopted by the 

 writers of the New Testament. 



The whole community of Christians thus constitute the church. 

 This is the sense in which the word is most commonly used in the 

 New Testament : as when it is said that " the Lord added daily to the 

 church such as should 1)0 saved " (Acts ii. 47) ; " Head over all things 

 to his church " (Eph. i. 22) ; " concerning zeal, persecuting the church " 

 (I'liil. iii. 6) ; and when our Lord said, " Thou art Peter, and on this 

 rock I will build my church " (Mat. xvi. 18), he contemplated that 



