( Ml 'HUH. 



rill-Urn. 



are the opening* or window* of the nave and able*. The 

 coiling of the nave ia sometime* of Btone, and covered with tracery 

 formed by the inteneotion of the arches which spring fn>m the 

 clustered columns of the nave. The went or principal front is umially 

 the moat highly decorated with tracery, pinnacle*, and soulptured 



figure*. In the side aide*, and the aisles of the choir, there are often 

 chapel* richly designed, which contain the tomb* of the founder, 4c. 

 Our cathedral* abound with monument* of variouaepocli-.fi 

 early Norman period of our history to the present time. The chapter- 

 house and cloiater are large and important feature* in many of m 



Chapter-house, Salisbury. 



cathedrals. The finest chapter-houses in England are of a polygonal 

 form on the plan, with a seat running round from the entrance, and 

 the interior decorated with sculpture, and in some instances with 

 painting. In some chapter-houses a column, or cluster of columns 

 rises from the centre of the room, from which spring the sides of 

 pointed arches, meeting the other halves of pointed arches rising from 

 the column or column* at the angles of the walls. 



The chapter-house of Salisbury Cathedral contains some of the finest 

 specimens of the kind of sculpture usually found in such buildings. 



The cloisters are rectangular enclosures, with a richly ornamented 

 and arched gallery running round the sides, and a wall forming the 

 back of the enclosure. The arches, which are filled with tracery, look 

 into an area, where probably the monks were formerly buried. There 

 are also cloisters in some of the college* of Oxford and Cambridge. 

 The cloisters seems to be very similar to, and perhaps derived from, 

 the crypto-porticus of antiquity. [CBALCimcuM.] This part of the 

 ecclesiastical structure may have been used not only for exercise, but 

 for study. In England the cloisters were probably glazed ; in Italy 

 they are often decorated with frescoes, by celebrated masters. Chan- 

 tries, or chapels for singing mass, were formerly founded by the pious 

 for the benefit of their souls. [CHANTRY.] They are often placed 

 Iwtween the pillars of the nave, as the chantry of Cardinal Beaufort at 

 Winchester ; the effigy was also placed within the chantry. Some are 

 complete chambers formed in the aisle of the choir, as at Ely ; and 

 others are independent of the cathedral, as at Westminster. In Byzan- 

 tine churches (BvZAXTixr. ARCUITECTUBR], and in some modern 

 cathedrals and Urge churches, the principal feature is a dome, a* SU. 

 Sophia, at Constantinople, St. Mark's at Venice, Santa Maria de' 

 Fiori at Florence, St. Peter's at Rome, St. Paul's, London, the Pan- 

 theon at Paris, and many other*. 



Some parish churches have very much the form of a cathedral, as 

 Christ church, Hants. The chancel of a church, which is xoin.ni,,.' 

 the property of a layman, corresponds in situation to tin , li,,ii of a 

 cathedral, and, like it, U railed off from the body or nave of the < 

 [CliAXCKU] The chancels of our churches often contain the monu- 

 ment* of individuals connected with Kuuh-li history and literatim*. M 

 at Arundel church, and Stratford n|>iiAv,>n. In parish dun. In--. 

 however, the great tower i* seldom placed at the intersection of tin- 

 nave and tnuiM-pt. but forms the entrance at the west end, and con- 

 tains the U-lfry. 



The ancient cathedrals of England are Canterbury, Carlisle, Bristol, 

 Chichesfcr, Cheeter, Durham, By, Exeter, Gloucester, Hereford, 



Lichfield, Lincoln, Norwich, Oxford, Peterborough, Rochester, Salis- 

 bury, Well*, Winchester, Worcester, and York. St. I'.nd'.-, London, is 

 modern. Besides these there are several editiccK, called minsters, which 

 possess a cathedral character both in their construction an,l in tin it 

 uses, as Westminster, Beverley-miuster, and Lichtield and York cathe- 

 drals, which still retain the name of minster. Abbey churches had 

 also a cathedral character. 



The cathedrals of Norwich, Westminster, Canterbury, Petcrbor.>ui;li. 

 and Gloucester, have a semicircular apsis. 



Canterbury, which dates from shortly after tin- N<>nnni oon, 

 was built on the site of an earlier cathedral, but on the model ,,f t!i.,t 

 of St. Stephen at Caen, but was subsequently, .it dillnvnt times, greatly 

 enlarged and altered. It has a nave of the decorated style, and a 

 cloister on the north side leading to the chapter-house, which is in the 

 form of a parallelogram ; double transepts, choir, and side chapels. At 

 the end of the choir is an elegant chapel, with an apsis, and a cin-uhu 

 chapel beyond, called Beoket's Crown. The font is in a circular chape), 

 leading from the north transept. To this building is attached a lil .u \ . 

 The crypts underneath the entire cathedral are the finest in the king- 

 dom. There are three towers, one in the centre, and two at the west 

 end. The north-western tower was of Norman date, but was replaced 

 by a new one in 1832. The grand central tower was not commenced 

 till towards the end of the 1 5th century. 



Ely has a centre tower and lantern 170 feet high, and a fin, 

 at the western entrance, 215 feet high ; it had two towers at the 

 angles of the western entrance, but only one remains. The 1-1 



.link- externally U Norman and Early English, or First Pointed. 

 The nave, which is 72 feet high, and 76 feet wide, i* a beaut it'ul 

 men of the Norman style, the elevation consisting of three tiers of 

 archea, with long clustered shaft* round each pier. The elevnt 

 the choir internally present* a superb design of decorated English. 

 It was erected, with the equally beautiful .-ha|K-l of St. Mary between 

 the years 1S21 and 1349. The tower and lantern, imported on eight 

 large piers, are unique among English Gothic churches. Ely lantern 

 is nid to have *ugge*ted to Sir c. \V,. th. idea of the lantern over 

 the dome of St. Paul's. This cathedral has the lady chapel at one 

 side, and not at the east end. 



Salisbury in in many respects one of the finest English cathedrals, 

 and the must uniform in otyle, having been commenced in 1'Ji; 

 virtually finished about 125h : it is, therefore, a pure example of the 

 First Pointed or Early English style. It has two transepts. Tin 1 idy 

 chapel has been, perhaps injudiciously, thrown into the d 



