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CHURCH. 



CHURCH. 



is a porch entrance on the north side, leading into the nave. The 

 cloisters, which are very extensive and magnificent, lead into a very 

 elegantly designed chapter-house. A small muniment-room is attached 

 to the louth end of the second transept. The grand central tower is 

 supported by four massive piers, surrounded with smaller columns ; 

 and is surmounted by a singularly beautiful spire, which attains a 

 height of 404 feet. This spire was added some time after the tower 

 was finished ; and the weight of it has considerably warped the piers, 

 in consequence of which the summit of the spire is near two feet out 

 of the perpendicular. 



Hereford cathedral is chiefly of Norman date (1079-1115) ; it has a 

 nave, side aisles, a north porch, two transepts, a choir, a lady chapel, 

 cloisters, and a chapter-house. The architecture of the nave is Norman. 

 The east end is built in the early English style. Underneath the lady 

 chapel is a crypt ; and at the intersection of the nave there is a very 

 large square tower. 



Worcester cathedral has a nave and side-aisles, north porch, double 

 transepts, choir and side-aisles, and a lady chapel. On the south are 

 the cloisters and king's school, and a chapter-house, circular within, 

 and polygonal on the outside, with a column in the centre, as at Lin- 

 coln and Salisbury. It is similar in plan to Hereford cathedral, having 

 two transepts, but no side aisles to the larger transept which in- 

 tersects the nave. The chapter-house and cloister are situated like 

 those of Hereford ; and at the intersection of the nave there is a 

 handsome tower. The interior of the nave is in the Early English 

 style. The chapter-house is Norman, 



Wells cathedral, in plan, differs very much from all the rest. The 

 chapter-house is on the north side of the church ; the cloisters are in 

 the usual place, the south, but they have only three sides ; the entrance 

 to them is from under the south-western tower of the cathedral. Here 

 we have two western towers, a north porch, and a transept, with side- 

 aisles ; and at the end of the choir a very elegant lady chapel, with a 

 termination at the east end, somewhat similar to the apsis of a basilica. 

 The western front is entirely covered with sculpture of exceeding 

 beauty. (See the excellent monograph on ' The Sculpture of the 

 Went Front of Wells Cathedral,' by C. B. Cockerell, R.A.) The 

 architecture of the nave is Early English : the towers are much later 

 in style. The building was commenced near the beginning of the 

 1 3th century, but not completed till 1465. There is a crypt under 

 this cathedral. 



Exeter cathedral, founded in 932, rebuilt in 1112, has a chapter- 

 house, used as a library, in the form of a parallelogram, unlike the 

 form, which is polygonal. The cloisters of this cathedral were 

 destroyed during the Commonwealth. The singularity of the design 

 of this edifice consists in having two Norman towers, one at the north 

 and the other at the south end of the transept. The nave is very fine, 

 and in the early English style. The western front is richly adorned 

 with statuary. 



Bristol cathedral, founded about 1142, is inferior to many others : it 

 in irregular and imperfect hi the plan, being without a nave; but it 

 has one of the finest Norman gateways in the kingdom, and there is 

 some curious Norman work in the chapter-house. 



Peterborough cathedral, rebuilt 1117, is on the plan of a simple 

 Latin cross, with one large and two small towers at the western end, 

 terminated with spires. The altar end of the choir has the termina- 

 tion in the form of the ancient apsis ; the lady chapel is behind the 

 altar The transept has side-aisles and a tower at the intersection with 

 the nave. The west end is remarkable for three large and deeply 

 recessed arches, which form a magnificent and extremely picturesque 

 portico under the centre arch is a small porch, with a library over it. 

 The style of thi cathedral is partly Norman, mixed with Early English. 

 Some parts are of a later date, as the east end, which is in the per- 

 pendicular or latest Pointed style. 



Gloucester cathedral, rebuilt 1089, differs from the preceding. Ihe 

 amis u very large : attached to this part of the building, and at the 

 entrance of the side-aisles, are chapels : the lady chapel extends back- 

 wards The chapter-house and cloisters are on the south side. On 

 the north side of the cloister is a projection called a lavatory. On the 

 south Bide is a beautiful porch. An elegant tower, in the perpendicular 

 style, rises from the intersection of the nave and transept. Ihe walls 

 and columns of the nave are Norman. 



Oxford cathedral is for the most part of Norman date. It has a 

 abort nave a choir, a north transept, with an aisle, longer than the 



nth transept, which is without aisles. A tower and spire rise from 

 the intersection of the nave and transepts. Two large chapels on the 

 Hides of the choir cloisters, and a rectangular chapter-house, are attached 

 on the south side. . , , . ,, 



Carlisle cathedral, formerly a priory, is small, and inferior to the 

 other cathedrals. The oldest part is Norman, but the most noticeable 

 feature, architecturally, is the great eastern window, which is a very 

 rich and elaborate example of the Early English penod. 



('hicherter cathedral was commenced in 1082. The nave is remark- 

 able for having five aisles, there being no other example of the kind in 



Wland It has besides the nave and transept, a choir, lady chapel, 



.library, and an irregular enclosed cloister. There is also an 



EtM bellZwer, like the Italian campanile in principle. This cathe- 



drai h a lofty and very elegant spire. A large proportion of the 



i-hafU of the columns are of Purbeck marble. 



Chester has a nave with side aisles, and south transept, now a parish 

 church ; a choir and lady chapel at the east end ; a cloister to the 

 north, and a rectangular chapter-house, and school-room, to the north 

 of the cloister. The chapter-house, which is rectangular, is much older 

 than the cathedral ; the cathedral being wholly perpendicular in style, 

 while the chapter-house is decorated. 



Lichfield, partly of Early English date, has a nave and choir, nearly 

 the same length ; a lady chapel, with a semi-octangular head or apsis'; 

 an aisle on one side of the transept ; and a chapter-house with parallel 

 sides terminated at two ends with semi-octangular figures ; but it is 

 chiefly remarkable for its great central and two western towers, all of 

 which are surmounted with spires of rich and beautiful design, and 

 which together form a singularly picturesque group. 



York is somewhat irregular in plan, from its various parts having been 

 constructed at very different dates. - Yet it has a picturesque as well 

 as- a magnificent aspect. It consists of a nave with side aisles, a choir 

 with side aisles, a lady chapel, a transept with double aisles, an elegant 

 octangular chapter-house leading from the north transept, a superb 

 centre-tower, two western towers, a record-room, and a consistory- 

 court. There is also a small crypt. 



Winchester is the longest, and altogether one of the largest cathe- 

 drals in England. It is constructed on a regular plan ; the cloister 

 was rectangular, but both it and the chapter-house have been destroyed. 

 The transept is remarkable and unique, on account of the aisles running 

 round the three sides. A small lady chapel is attached to the east end, 

 and there are extensive crypts under the cathedral. The west front is 

 very fine. 



Lincoln is almost wholly Early English in style, and is one of the 

 finest of our English cathedrals. It has a nave, a choir, and double 

 transepts. Behind the choir is a presbytery : a small galilee is at- 

 tached to the south transept. The cloister, which is comparatively 

 small, leads to a magnificent chapter-house, of a polygonal figure, ten- 

 sided, with flying buttresses. The western transept has aisles, and a 

 large tower at the intersection with the nave. At the west entrance 

 there are two smaller towers. The west front is richly adorned with 

 sculpture. Lincoln cathedral is very perfect. 



Norwich is Norman in plan, and the nave, central tower, and east 

 end are of Norman construction. The cathedral consists of a long 

 nave, and a transept ; the east end is terminated by an apsia, beyond 

 which there is a lady chapel, and at the side of the apsis are two 

 chapels, formed by two segments of a circle. Attached to the side- 

 aisle of the choir is a consistory-court. There are large cloisters on 

 the south side of the edifice. The chapter-house has been destroyed. 



Westminster abbey was in the main built between 1240 and 1269, 

 but much of it is of later date. It consists of a long nave and transept, 

 with double aisles, an apsis at the east end of the choir, with four 

 semipolygonal chapels round it : beyond is the sumptuous chapel built 

 by Henry VII. In proportion to its width it is the loftiest cathedral 

 in England. The cloisters are to the south, as well as the chapter- 

 house, an octangular building ; beyond are some smaller cloisters con- 

 nected by dark passages with the great cloisters. 



A COMPARISON OF THE PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTS OP THE ENGLISH AND 

 WELSH CATHEDRALS. 



