Ill 



CINVHOiniNE. 



i INCIMNA. ALKALOIDS OF. 



ni 



peniiuula of Jutland, ami iu atatiug that they came from the north. 

 They are, however, by aome author*, represented to be Celts, ami the 

 armour and custom* of the C'iuibri are described by Plutarch and 

 Strabo aa very different from those of the German" ; and there is little 

 doubt that the original invaders were joined by numerous other 

 tribes in the course of their progress, many of whom were Teutonic. 

 In their war with Marina, the description of their arms, and the name 

 of their chief Bojorix, appear to designate them as Celttc ; and from 

 the number with which they opposed Marius it is clear they could not 

 all have come from Jutland, and if their forces had received accession 

 from the farther north they mutt hare been Scandinavians. But see 

 H. Miiller, ' Die Deutachen,' and Latham, Appendix to his edition of 

 the ' Oermanicus ' of Tacitus. 



< * I N < * n * 1 1 DI N E. [CiscHO.i A, ALKALOIDS OF.] 



i I NCHOLI NE. rCrxcuoNA, ALKALOIDS OF.] 



CINCHONA, ALKALOIDS OF. The valuable medicinal properties 

 of Cinckona, or Perurian bark, have long been known to be due to 

 certain organic bases or alkaloids, but it is only within the last few years 

 that these latter have been closely investigated, and their relations 

 to each other pointed out The principal ones are four in number 

 1, Qnixinf ; 2, Qniitidiae ; 3, Cinchonine ; and 4, Cinchonidine. From 

 some unimportant varieties of the bark is obtained dricine or cinrlto- 

 ratitu. Qm'nuitliiie (chinoidinc, rlachoidine), or uncryitaUuaUe quinine, 

 results from the action of heat and light on the other bases, and is pro- 

 cured both in the process of drying the bark and in the preparation of 

 quinine, 4c. ; it U a variable mixture of the alkaloids with colouring 

 matter and resin. Quinicint, iaomeric with quinine, is produced by the 

 action of a moderate heat on quinine or qumidine, and rinrhonifiiit. is 

 in like manner obtained from cinchonine or cinchonidine. Finally, 

 r/uinnline or cintkoline (chinoleine, Uucol, leufolinc) is a base of oily con- 

 sistence formed when any of the alkaloids are distilled with caustic 

 potash or soda. 



The different kinds of cinchona bark yield very variable quantities 

 of the several alkaloids. Not only does this arise from the bark being 

 taken from different species of the genus cinchona, but trees of the 

 same species are greatly influenced by the soil and climate in which 

 they grow. Usually also the bark from the thick portions contains 

 more alkaloid than that from the smaller branches of the same tree. 

 As a general rule, however, the article known in commerce as pale or 

 !fi ay cinchona bark, contains a much larger proportion of cinchonine and 

 cinchonidine than of quinine and quindine, while the latter twu ire- 

 dominate in the ycllme bark. The other variety, red bark, mostly 

 contains the alkaloids in about equal proportions. 



A botanical description of the cinchona trees, and a lengthened con- 

 sideration of the commercial varieties of the bark, will be found in 

 rixriiosiA and QUINQUINA, NAT. HIST. Div. See also BARK, in this 

 division. 



The alkaloids do not exiit in the free state in the barks, but are 

 combined with kinic and cincbotannic acids. 



1 . tin i nine (C^,H tl N.,0, t n Aq.). Pure quinine is most conveniently 

 prepared by adding ammonia to a solution of the neutral sulphate, 

 collecting, washing, and drying the precipitate. It is colourless, 

 inodorous, and extremely bitter. It fuses at about 300, yielding when 

 cold a yellow, translucent, friable mass, somewhat resembling common 

 resin. Cold water dissolves l-400th of its weight of quinine, boiling 

 water 1 -250th, cold ether l-60th ; uniting alcohol dissolves half its weight. 

 It is also soluble in the fixed and essential oils. When an alcoholic 

 solution is set aside to evaporate spontaneously, crystals of hydrate of 

 quinine are obtained containing water of crystallisation. The solution 

 of this alkaloid possesses the property of left-handed rotatory polar- 

 i nation. 



From the high position that quinine occupies as a medicinal agent, 

 it has been made the subject of investigation by many eminent 

 chemist*, among whom are Pelletier and Caventou, who first isolated it 

 in 1820, Liebig, Regnault, Laurent, Strecker, and Winckler. It is 

 now generally admitted to be composed of 



Forty equivalent* of carbon . . 

 Twenty-four equivalent* of hydrogen 

 Two equivalent* of nitrogen . . 

 Four equivalent* of oxygen . 



Equivalent . . 



In 100 Part*. 



240 74-07 



24 7-41 



28 864 



31 9-88 



. 324 



100-00 



Quinine restores the blue colour of reddened litmus, and is very 

 f-ltiblR in all the acids, combining with them to form neutral and acid 

 waits. The most important are the following. 



&M*lfp*tt~(C^ t V]pJlOJJO. + 1 Aq.). This salt was 

 formerly called the iliml^hatr, a name indicating that it was composed 

 >f two equivalents of base to one of acid, but the formula of quinine 

 li.iviiig mce then tor good theoretical reasons been doubled, Hie salt 

 has necessarily now become the neutral sulphate. It U the only com- 

 pound of the cinchona alkaloids that is at present recognised in 

 medicine. U is most economically prepared from well-pulverised 



How bark by boiling in eight or ten parts of water, containing about 



I per cent of concentrated sulphuric acid, or 25 per cent, of strong 

 hydrpchl'mc acid ; after from one to two hours ebullition the decoc- 

 tion is strained off nd the residue a second and a third time boiled. 



Quinine is now precipitated from the mixed liquors by addiiu; 

 of carbonate of soda or milk of lime; the precipitate 

 filter, washed with cold water, submitted to strong pressure, and the 

 residue digested in boiling alcohol 'yields a solution which usually 

 deposits crystals of cinchonine on cooling ; these having been separated, 

 the liquid is neutralised with sulphuric acid and evaporated, 

 slightly coloured sulpliate of quinine crystallises out, and may if neces- 

 sary be obtained perfectly white by redissolving in alcohol, treating 

 the solution with animal charcoal and recrystallisiiig. 



Another process of obtaining sulphate of quinine, which | ninniisiiii 

 the merit of obviating the use of alcohol, consist* in boiling the bark 

 in a solution of carbonate of soda, so as to extract its colouring and 

 resinous matter, treating the residue with sulphuric acid, so as to 

 outain bisulphate of quinine, which is to be decomposed by carbonate 

 i >f soda, and the precipitated quinine being redissolved in Hulphtiri-* 

 acid and water, and treated with animal charcoal, the solution is to bo 

 evaporated to its crystallising point. 



Sulphate of quinine thus obtained presents the appearance of colour- 

 less, light, bulky needles, which effloresce when exposed to the air ; 

 one part requires for solution about 740 parts of cold, or 3<> of 

 water, 80 of cold alcohol of sp. gr. 0*850, and much less of 1-oiliiu: 

 alcohol When heated, sulphate of quinine becomes luminous, fuses, 

 and on cooling has the appearance of melted wax ; it afterward* 

 reddens, begins to decompose, and when the heat is raised to ignition 

 in the air, charcoal is obtained, and this, if the salt is pure, is < 

 ally entirely dissipated without residue. It is one of the remark.- M- 

 properties of this salt to give a blue tinge to water, producing tho 

 phenomenon of jluorttcencc. This salt is composed of 



One equivalent of sulphuric acid 

 One equivalent of quinine . 

 Eight equivalent* of water . 



Equivalent . 



. 40 or 9-17 



. . 324 74-31 



. 72 16-42 



. 430 100-00 



Buulphatc of quinine (C W H M N.O.,2S0 3 ,2HO, + 14 Aq.) is prepared 

 by adding sulphuric acid to a solution of the neutral sulphate. By 

 evaporation it is obtained in rectangular prisms. It effloresces win n 

 exposed to the air, is soluble in eleven times its weight of water at 55, 

 and in eight times at 72 ; it is also dissolved by alcohol. At 212 it 

 fuses in its water of crystallisation. Though neutral in composition, it 

 is acid to litmus paper, but not sour to the taste. By the action { 

 heat in the air it is totally decomposed and dissipated. 



Nitrate of quinine (C^Hj.N.O,, HO, NO S .) Formed by double dec, im- 

 position of solutions of sulphate of quinine and nitrate of baryta, or I iy 

 dissolving quinine in dilute nitric acid. When the solution of this salt 

 is evaporated to a certain point, oleaginous drops arc formed, which 

 resemble wax in appearance when they have solidified. When tie 

 kept some days under water, they gradually alter iu appeal-am 

 are converted into groups of regular, brilliant crystals, and it often 

 happens that one drop becomes a single crystal. This phenomenon 

 depends upon the circumstance that the salt when de]>ositcd hot is 

 fused, and contains no water of crystallisation, but gradually combines 

 with it to form crystals ; the crystals are rectangular prisms with 

 inclined liases, and do not possess any cleavage. 



HynroMamtt of quinine (C W H M N,0.. HC1 + 3Aq.) Prepared by 

 decomposing solution of sulphate of quinine with chloride of barium. 

 It crystallises in silky fibres, is slightly soluble in water, and 

 below 212. 



The bihydrochloraie is obtained by dissolving quinine h- 

 hydrochloric acid ; it has a great tendency to separate into the m-ntr.il 

 salt and free hydrochloric acid. 



CUoroplatinate of quinine (C.oHj.N.O., 2 (HC1, PtCy * 2A<] ) Pre- 

 cipitated when bichloride of platinum is added to quinine <1; !...! in 

 slight excess of hydrochloric acid ; after standing some time, tin : 

 pitnte becomes of an orange colour nnd crystalline. It is almost 

 insoluble in water, and quite insoluble in alcohol. This salt u 

 conveniently made use of in the quantitative estimation of quinine. 

 It is not altered by drying at a temperature of 212; when heated to 

 284, it loses two equivalents of water. Its percentage i 

 sition is 



By Calculation. Gerhard). 



Carbon 

 Hydrogen 

 Nitrogen 

 Chlorine . 

 Platinum 

 Oxygen . 



Water evoked at 28 T 



, 31-78 

 , 3-71 



3-71 



, 28-21 



28*2.1 



(1-36 



100-00 

 2-37 



31-34 



3-98 



3*40 



28-46 



20*.'. 1 



6-11 



100-00 

 2-37 



Oxalate of quinixr (<'," .-V".- "" < W- This salt is ol< 

 by precipitating a soluble salt of ijuininu by a neutral oxalate; it in 

 procured in the state of a white powder, which is but slightly *olul.]e. 

 iu water when cold, but more soluble in boiling water, and as the 

 solution cools, the salt is deposited in silky crystals. It is very sol,.] .le 

 in alcohol, especially when heated, and the salt crystallises a the 

 solution cools. When excess of acid is added to the oxalate, it dis- 

 solves readily in water, and crystallises in needles of binoxalate. 



