1* 



.I.-NA r. v 



< INNAMnN \V|> CASSIA. 



(MR 



MHM of KiMllii-h.-r. O'nura Plantar.), and the latter, those which 

 dMmfnm ikt i*s to the bate. (GueariUa of Kndlid.. .->. The only 

 objection to thU lien in the circumstance of the Utter being liable to 

 Uad to confusion with a totally diflferent bork. the produce of Croto* 

 rmtnrUU of the HlmM This strict definition excludes all specie* 

 of SfHUmm*. CotmUmena, and other plants yielding barks, uwful as 

 febrifuge medicines, but not Cittduma*. The practical advantage of 

 thin restriction U, that among the former only (true sMfaUM of 

 Weddell) are to be found, the leaves of which yield the alkaloids, 

 Cimtlumimr. Q*i*imr. Q*iidir, and Arlfine (!) called abo Cut 

 CAOOM. The IHOMDPO or absence of these alkaloid-*, their relative 

 amount*, and the facility or difficulty of separating them in .1 pure state, 

 constitute the true criteria of the value of any bark the old classifi- 

 eatioo of pale, yellow, or red bark, being almost abandoned. " Dr. 

 Weddell ban proved that the young branches of several specie* con- 

 stitute the pale barks of commerce, which become ytUow or ml in 

 older plant*, or in the older parts of the same plant*." (Koyle, ' Manual 

 at Mat. Med.' 3rd ed.,'p- 482.) Besides, the manufacturer of quinine arHl 

 cinchonine, uses those barks which yield him the largest returns, regard- 

 laas of their appearance, names, or countries whence they come, when 

 known. But the reckless destruction of many of the cinchona trees, 

 diminishing the supply from the old forests, the selfishness of the 

 monopoly company of La Paz, which aims at keeping up the price by 

 limiting the supply, drives dealers to seek eagerly for barks which will 

 meet toe demand for the alkaloid*. The barks presented for sale on 

 their arrival in Europe, are generally recognised by the purchasers by 

 the appearance, and to aid their judgments, the application of the 

 methods of both qualitative and quantitative analysis, the fracture of 

 the specimen, and the application of the microscope to transverse as 

 well as longitudinal sections, afford considerable assistance. Even harks 

 procured from the roots of the trees, a part formerly quite neglected, 

 are now properly turned to account, such as that of the root or stump 

 of Cinektma calitaya, var. B. Jonephiana, Wedd. 



The medical powers of a bark, as well as its price, is influenced by 

 the circumstance of its being coated, that is, retaining the epidermis, 

 or nneoated. The curative power of a bark is not dependent < 

 on the quantity of its alkaloids, but on many of the other constituent*. 

 The activity of several barks has been estimated by Guibourt (Wed- 

 dell's ' Hist. Nat. des Quinquina '), B follows ; we give the commercial 

 names: 



1. Calisaya bark. 



2. Orange-yellow. 



3. PiUya. 



4. Red genuine, vemicous. 



6. Red genuine, non-vemicous. 



6. Red Lima (fine gray. China Haan>-<,\. 



7. Gray Lima. 



8. Humalies, white rerrucous. 



The run on quinine as a therapeutic agent causes many barks to be 

 undervalued at the present day, if they contain cinchonine only, i .r 1 >ut 

 little quinine, but Delondre justly anticipates a higher appreciation of 

 these barks when the prevailing fashion shall change, or the high prior 

 of quinine drives chemists or physicians to use cinchonine, or qnini 

 ilinine. It is possible, that all the alkaloids (whether 3 or 4, for arictne 

 is a doubtful one, and huanokinia is merely cinchonine in a state of 

 great purity), are only different combinations of a baa*, quinoyen, with 

 clifleraH proportions of oxygen. To avoid the expense of purification, 

 hitherto very great in Britain, various preparations have been sng- 

 g*ed, especially amarpkov* i/nininf ; but the permission granted to 

 chemists to nse methylated spirit, somewhat removes the necessity for 

 thaie expedients. There exists however in Paris a manufactory of 

 an article intended expressly to adulterate sulphate of quinine. 



The qiiinium of Labarraque, seems a very eligible preparation abo 

 a wine of quiniiun. 



Of comparatively recent preparation* the /i'/nnr r/ninii' ni,i,,. 

 of Bullock, is the most quickly active which renders it invaluaMc in 

 influenza and other diseases attended with great debility. 



In estimating the action of cinchona bark on the human system, it 

 deserves to be borne in mind that the resin given it a stimulating 

 power, the kinateof cinclionine ..r quinine a tonic power, and the t mniii 

 an astringent property. By the first of these it approaches tli.- Kil- 

 Mimic stimulant* and tonics, by the second the mineral t..ni. -. hil,- 

 by the third it approximates to rhatanyand cat liu. Notwith-tandin-r 

 those resemblances, its action in the aggregate is strictly peculiar, .-.. 

 iniii-h o that all attempts to procure a substitute for it, whether 

 among exotic or indigenous plants, have been attended with littl, 

 success. It appears to art directly upon the nerves, jnrticularly those 

 of organic life, but its influence is speedily extended to the vascular 

 ,.... 



A moderate dose of cinchona taken into the stomach, and repeated 

 in three or four hours, is followed by increased for. u-ncy of 



the poise, greater firmness and constriction of the arterial tunics, 

 augmented heat of surface, a flow of penminiti.in, and a un; 

 improved tone of the system. The digestive and assimilating pr.i- 

 CMMB are greatly expediter! , and the iniliviilual fe. N himcclt 



a* from which he would have shrank before. Tlii* r-timululing 

 action does not oause vertigo or unpleasant derangement of the function 



of the brain. The secretions of all the mucous membranes, lire. 



are diminished, and in most persons the bowels become constipated, 



but occasionally an opposite state, or diarrhoea, is induced. 



justly considered the most valuable tonic and febrifugal medi- 

 cine we possess The forms of administration are numerous. Powder 

 is objectionable from its bulk, disagreeable taste, and difficult digest! 

 bility, owing to the quantity of woody fibre which it contain 

 is a good form, but does not possess all the virtues of the bark, which. 

 however, are all taken up by the tincture : till -cut in tin- 



last form is often an obstacle to its being given in a sufficient dose ; it 

 i- therefore generally added to the infusion or decoction. Decoction, 

 if the process be long continued, dissipates the volatile or aromatic 

 P'.iti "ii, and diminishes ite power*. The tincture U often form. I l.\ 

 the addition of other substances, as in the compound tin. tun ..f ! .1 k . 

 which in a valuable adjunct to other remedial means in weak gul 

 Acids or ammonia are sometimes given along with it, according t-. the 

 nature of the complaint. 



The ease with which a small dose can 1* t.il. n nf the .-nlpi. 

 quinine or cinchonine leads to the substitution of these pi. p .nations for 

 that of the bark itself ; and in many cases they are more eligible, Imt 

 in others the want of the resinous and astringent principles renders 

 these less proper. Perhaps the best and most convenient form, na it 

 can be administered in a variety of ways, is one in which the Lark i> 

 separated into its constituent part*, the woody fibre removed, ami the 

 "ther principles again united : this is called the aromatic kinate of 

 kinia. It keeps well in all climates, is not bulky us it* 



efficacy for several yean. For long voyages it is the best form into 

 which bark can be put. 



It is proper to direct attention to the great prophylactic p. .v 

 cinchona, and its preparations, in warding off the fevers of tropical 

 countries, especially in the exploring expeditions to the rivers of 

 Africa, Very large doses of quinine administered to the crew, daily, of 

 the vessels, as soon as they approach the miasmatic districts, ha 

 found effectually to preserve them from the attack of aj,nie an.! other 

 fevers. It is requisite to continue to take the quinine. 

 returning to Europe ; for in some instances, where it has been taken e. .n 

 tinuously for six months after arrival in England, on its discontinuance, 

 fever has manifested itself. 



CINCHONETIN K. ( t 'I.M HONA, ALKALOIDS or.] 



CINCIX iMCIXK. (CINCHONA, ALKALOIDS or.] 



ci \CHONIDINE. [CINCHONA, ALKALOIDS OF.] 



CINCHONINE. [CINCHONA, ALKALOIDS OF.] 



CINCHOVATINK. [CIM IKINA, ALKALOIDS OF.] 



CINNABAR. [MERCURY, Bitulphide of.] 



CINNAMATES. [CINNAMYL, Cinnamic Arid.] 



CINNAMEIN (C.,H 1(1 4 ) is found in balsam of Peru. If contains 

 cinnamic acid united to an ether. 



CINNAMENE (C 1(> H.) is formed when cin d i- .lUtill,-.! 



with baryta. 



CINNANIC ACID. [CINNAMYL ] 



CINNAMIC GROUP. A group of organic compounds, belonging 

 to the BKNZOIC SERIES. The following are the names and formula* of 

 the chief members of this group : 



Hydride of clnnamyl 

 Anhydrous cinnamic ciit 



. C,H,0, 



n 



. . C,,H,0, 



C,.H,0, 



Hvdrated cinnunic acid .... C,,H,O, t 



II |' 



Chloride of cinnnmyl C| ( n t O ( \ 



> 1 I 



(C,.H,0, 

 ( imumidc " I 



Clnnimenr 



Styrono ....... 



Cinnh.vdramllf,arhydridoofnilrocinnni>l 

 Oinnanllidc 



Ctnnltranislilr. .... 



Thloolnnole, <>r hydridr of Mil|ilim-innnmvl i , M 



II 



A description of some of these bodies will l>e found under their 

 ' respective names. Kor that ..f the others the reader is referred to 

 ! Gerhard's ' TraiW de Cliimie," tome iii. :(7X 

 CINNAMIDK. |Cr < ' I 



CINNAMON and CASSIA. There are many contradictory state- 

 inenti, ! nn..u and cassia. Ill the following account we 



chiefly follow Kr. Ludwig Nees von Esenbeck, who has paid 



u to the subject, AceonliiiK to him the finest or Ceylon cin- 

 namon ' fr " m tne three-year old branche* of the i 



y.n/liiniriim (Ulume), which is found native in the island .1 

 C'vl" only; the cultivati"ii. however, has been c\t. ndod t.' .la\,i. 



