CISSOID. 



cm; 



There in grot reason to believe that the root* of several different 

 species of this or closely killed genera are confounded under the name 

 of Pareira-braTa, especially the root of Ctssampetoa Caapeba, also of C. 

 Ifauriuaica (Aubl.), C. parroides (Deeand.), which is much esteemed 

 in the East Indies, given along with aromatic* in diseases of the 

 intestines. Two specie* of Aleuta, A. rufeeoens (Aub.) and A. can- 

 dieani (Decani), are used in Ouiana. 



The Pareira-brara uontains eo much mucilage that it coagulates water 

 in which it is put to infuse. A syrup of thin plant is a valuable 

 demulcent in phthisis pulmonalU, or consumption. 



CISSOID (nvffCfiMkr, rewinding ivy), a name given to a curve first 

 considered by Diocle* (an Alexandrine, and posterior t.i Pappus, as is 

 suppoeed from the latter ii"t mentioning the name of Diocle- 

 those who invented methods for inserting two mean proportionals 

 Math. Coll.,' book iii. prop. 6), which rises towards an asymptote, and 



-timed it* fanciful name. It was one of the curves eni|>! 

 the Greeks in the celebrated problem of finding two mean proportionals, 

 and is described as follows : Let two points (A) and (B) more with 

 equal velocities round a circle, sotting out from the ends nf n diameter 

 in opposite directions of rotation. Let a straight line (r) always pass 

 through the starting point of (A), and through (B) as it moves; anil lot 

 an ordinate (Q) perpendicular to the line joining the two starting points 

 always pass through (A) as it moves. Then the intersection of < 

 (q) traces out the cissoid, which has the line joining the starting (mints 

 for its tangent at the commencement, and the tangent to the circle 

 passing through the starting point of (B) for its asymptote. 



But the term cissoid has been applied in later times to all 

 described in a similar manner, and where the generating curve is not a 

 circle. The cissoid of the Greeks should then be called either the 

 cissoid of Diodes or the circular cisaoid. The starting point of (A) 

 being the origin, the line joining the starting point* the axis of .-. and 

 a the radius of the circle, the equation of the cissoid of Diocles is 



y = ^-r(2o-a:) 



CISTERCIANS. [BERXARDIJES ; C!TEAUX.] 



CITADEL (remotely from the Latin riritat, and immediately from 

 the Italian ciltadilJo), a fortified post within or adjoining a town. It 

 serves either to keep the inhabitants in subjection, or as a place of 

 retreat for the garrison when compelled to abandon the town to an 

 enemy. A citadel should be constructed in a situation where it may 

 be easily succoured ; its fortifications should be stronger than those of 

 the town, in order that the enemy may be induced to attack the latter 

 first ; and it should be separated from the buildings of the town by an 

 esplanade. 



CITATION', a process in the commencement of a unit by v. hiel, 

 a party is commanded to appear before the 'Ecclesiastical court*. 

 The jurisdiction of these tribunals in testamentary and matrimonial 

 causes has been transferred to the Courts of Probate and of Divorce ; 

 and the first process in a suit in either of these courts is a 

 This is not, however, in the form of the abolished process, from which 

 its name is derived, but rather resembles the writs in use in the Courts 

 of Common Law. 



CITK.U'X. ..r, as it was formerly written, CISTEAUX (in Latin, 

 C1STERCIUJD, the site of a celebrated abbey in the department of 

 C6te d'Or, in France: it is almut four miles east from the town of 

 Kuys, which lies on the road from Dijon to Ch&lons sur Sadne. This 

 abbey owed its origin to Kobert, prior of Moutier-le-Celle, who, after 

 endeavouring in vain to reform the irregularities of his convent, was 

 solicited to take the charge of a company of anchorets, with whom In- 

 founded the abbey of Moletnc, and instituted a stem ascetic discipline. 

 But becoming unable to maintain a strict conformity to his rules, he 

 obtained permission of the papal legate to withdraw with a few chosen 

 associates in order to following the Benedictine rule in its severest 

 form. Accompanied by twenty follow, r-. he retired to the forest of 

 Clteauz in 1098. After a time, Kobert was directed by the pope to 

 return to his charge at Molemc, win-re the disorders which had pro- 

 bably caused his retirement had proceeded to a great length, in whieh 

 office he continued till his death in 1108. The third ablwt of Clteaux 

 was Etiennc or Stephen Harding, an Englishman (canonised as St. 

 Etienne), who may be regarded as the real founder of the Cistercian 

 order (les Clteaux), as until his time no establishment had sprung 

 from this monastery: in 1118-15 were founded the first f 

 bUahments of which this can be regarded as the parent. 



The monks of this order have been sometimes called Bern.ii 

 from St. Bernard, who joined Ktienne in 1118 : and point-times White 

 Monks, from their habit, a white cassock with a white gown for attend- 

 ing the church, but a black one when they went abroad. The abbey 

 of Clteaux was a very rich establishment previous to the Revolution. 

 The community consisted usually of about 80 monks, beside 40 do 

 tnestics. The church and a chaj-l under th.- |.,ni. .. contained the 

 tombs of about 60 princes of the ducal house of Burgogne, who made 

 this th-ir rhirf bunal-place. Among those who have been inmates of 

 this house, are St. Bernard and the four pnpm, Kniicmns III., ' 

 VIII., Celestine IV.. and I:. I. The church ami m 



nave been deatroyed, and there an- now but few i epln-n, 



also, instituted the first female convent of the llcn.-dictinc order, whieh 

 was euooreded by many others, but that of Port Royal has been by far 

 the most distinguished. 



If AHA, an ancient stringed instrument of the lyre kind. That 

 the names of the comparatively ni 



cittern, and guitar, are derived >me of the Oreek instrument 



(itMpa), we can have no doubt ; and it is reasonable to infer, n- 

 from similarity of appellation, but from the remain* of antique art, 

 that the modern instruments in many respects) resemble that of the 



. i RE.] 



CITI/.I1N. f-oii! li word rilnytn, which rem- 



from the I. oinmences the third 



' I'olitik ' with an investigation of the question, What i 

 (n-oA(Ti)t) f He defines him to be one who participates in 

 and legislative power in a state ; but he observes that his d<- 

 strictly applies only to a democrat ical form of i The 



Roman word C'ivU in its original and proper sense, also un 

 had some share in the sovereign power in the state. The word 

 then, if we take it in its historical sense, cannot apply to those v, 

 the subjects of an absolute monarch, or, in other wor, ho has 



uplete sovereign power. It is consistent with am-ie' 

 modern usage, and it is also convenient to apply the woi-l 

 to the members of republican govc: 



stood, comprehends [REPUBLIC] con I nonarchies. Th 



constitutional monarchy is not exact, but its meaning is understood : 

 it is a form of republican government at the head of which is a k 

 person with iuit title, who-,- 



tary. Constitutional m, < to absolute monarchies 



when the constitution gives very litt!,- power to th 1 this 



little power is rendered incfl'eetual by the contrivai 

 and his advisers. Constitutional monarchies are of an aristocratical 



bSJ* when much political power is vested in the hands of a 

 minority which is small when compared with the majority ; or they 

 may approach to a democracy, and differ from it mainly in having an 



TJ- instead of an elective head. Citiz< lore is here 



' ood as only applying to those states in whieh the e n-titution, 

 whether written or unwritten, gives to those who are members 01 

 states, or to some considerable number of them, some share 

 sovereign power. 



The usual form in which citizenship is acquired is by birth : by 

 being bom of citizens. In the old Oreek states, and generally in those 

 states of antiquity where citizenship existed, this was the only mode in 

 which as a geneial rule it could be acquired. A person, not the son of 

 a citi/.eii. obtained no rights of citizenship by the me] nice of 



being born in a country or living there. ( 'iti/eiiship could only be con- 

 ferred by a public I n an individual or on all the > 

 other communities. I litl'ei. nee of religion was one of ti f these 

 communities excluding strangers from their political body . Tin 1 

 was at first a close community, but the practice of ad: 

 aliens (peregrin!) to the citizenship was early ii 

 even admitted by the old burgers (tie 

 numbers, but only by a vote of the collective body of ]iatrieians. The 



,11 of aliens to the citizenship, either partial Ol 

 became a regular part of the Roman polity to which Home owed the 

 extension of her name, her language, and her power. It is tn 

 the process a went on slowly, ami for -,ie the 



indwithdoi - -ir state, "rei-i inis of 



their Italian allies, or subject people, who dem.v : Ionian 



hip : but this claim was finally settled in favour of the I, 

 by the Social or I r (B.C. 90), and by the concession 



followed that war. The consequences of this war were, that all the 

 inhabitant* of Italy south of the I'o became II at, and forty 



years afterwards the privilege was extended to the inhabitants n< 

 the Po. We find some instances, before the Marsic war, of the states 

 of Italy dee' into the Roman po; ; 



preferred their O\M Uon to the rights and Unman 



citizens. Under ' persons within were 



but citizens hod then become \-, 



The Roman system did not nllow n man to claim < Sip by 



birth, unless he was born of such a man iage :. 

 be a legal marriage 



uith whom the Itoman stat, 

 nul'iumt, the child was 



child of his ; ,-is the child o) 



that he could claim Itoman citizenship. This v 



but it appear* that if a Itoman woman had a child by a man with 

 whom there wan no coiinubium. the 

 The English law giv< 



was a citizen of 1 v also gives 



ship t which rule 



originated in the kin;,' ahiming such persons as his subjects wh 



bom within his dominions. In the earliest periods of Enj.-' 

 those were p- who may now ; 



divided iii- 

 kinds, as it was in Home, S..| M . 



suffrage, nor ' iriblc to certain offices, such for in-tanvc as a 



I'-Mt these are not p.-i m 



and pi i 



mg a certain amount of property, and therefore the complete 



