tH CITRTL. 



Externally citric add largely diluted ha* been beneficially employed 



M a refrigerating wash, in the tune way a* vinegar. Slice* of lemon 



form u-cful application* to aoorbutic and other sores, and olio at the 



commencement of hospital gangrene. 



l-ITItYL. [CITRIC A 



C1TTEKX (or iiittrm.nr <r*ilten), a musical iiutrument of the lute 

 kind, mentioned by our old dramatMta. [CITIIAHA.] 



CITY. Certain Urge and ancient town* both in England and in 

 other oountriea are called cities, and they are supposed to rank before 

 other town*. On what the distinction it founded U not well ascer- 

 tained. The word minis to be one <>f common parlance, or at most to 

 be tued in the letter* and charter* of sovereign* a* a complimentary or 

 honorary compilation, rather than a* betokening the po**etiion of any 

 cocial privilege* which may not, and in fact do not belong to other 

 .indent and incorporated place* which are still known only by the 

 name of town* or borough*. 



Sir William BUckntone i* unfortunate in hi* attempt to define it. " A 

 city," he say*, " is a town incorporated, which i* or hath been the see 

 ofabiihop." (' Comm.,' Ixlrod., section iv.) But Westminster is a 

 city, though it is not incorporated. Thetford is but a town, though 

 incorporated, ami once the seat of a Msl,-).. Whether Westminster 

 owe* it* designation to the circumstance that it hod a bishop for a few 

 years of the reign of Henry VIII., and in the reign of Edward VI., 

 may be doubted. But there are, besides Thetford, many places which 

 were once the seats of bishops, as Sherburn, and Dorchester in Oxford- 

 shire, which are never called cities. On the whole we can rather say 

 that certain of our ancient towns are called cities, and their inhabitants 

 citizens, than show why this distinction prevails and what are the 

 criteria by which they are distinguished from other towns. These 

 ancient town* are those in which the cathedral of a bishop in found ; 

 to which are to be added Bath and Coventry, which, jointly with 

 Wells and Lichfield, occur in the designation of the bishop in whose 

 diocese they are situated ; and Westminster, which in this respect 

 stand* alone. Manchester, after having become the seat of a bishop, 

 was incorporated a* a city ; but Kipon, also made the seat of a bishop- 

 ric, remains a borough. 



CIVET. This substance, which possesses an odour analogoxig to 

 musk, i* obtained from two species of animals, namely. tin- 

 sibttka and the Virrrru rirrtla. By distillation civet yields an 

 ewential oil to which its odour is due. 



CIVIC CROWN. Among the Romans the civic was considered 

 more honourable than any other crown. It was the recompense for 

 the life of a citizen saved, either in battle or assault. A civic crown 

 was conferred on Cicero for detecting Catiline's conspiracy ; and after- 

 wards upon Augustus, the reverse of many of whose coins bears the 

 representation of it, with the inscription OB GIVES SEBVATOS. This 

 crown, which was in fact a wreath, was at 6rst of elm, afterwards 

 beech was used, and lastly, and most generally, oak. (Rasche's 

 'Lexicon Rei Numaritc.') Plutarch, in the life of Caius Marina 

 Coriolanus, ha* given what he considers to be the reasons for the 

 choice of the oak. Pliny informs us that the civic crown was the 

 foundation of many privilege*. He who had once obtained it had a 

 right to wear it always. When he appeared at any of the public 

 hows, the senators rose to do him honour ; and he was placed near 

 their bench. He was excused from all troublesome duties and ser- 

 vice* ; and his crown procured the same immunity for hi* father and 

 hi* grandfather on hi* own side. (The reader may consult fur further 

 information, Polyb. lib. vi. c. 37 ; Plin. ' Hist. Nat.' lib. xvi. c. 4 ; 

 Tacitus, 'Ann.' lib. iii g 21 ; xr. j 12.) 



CIVIL LAW. This term is used in different senses. The Roman* 

 understood by the expression, " jus civile," the law, " quod quisque 

 populu* sibi constituit." In this sense, therefore, civil law might be 

 defined to be the law of any particular nation or state. In place of 

 this original and proper signification of the term, the expression 

 "municipal law" ha*, however, very inappropriately been used by 

 English writers ; and civil law, in a more restrained sense, has now 

 come to signify the law of the ancient Romans. [ROMAN LAW.] The 

 term Civil law (the French droit riril, the German Ciril-Jiechi) is still 

 n*ed, particularly in Germany and Prance, in another and limited 

 sense, to denote the law given by the competent power of the state for 

 regulating the mutual rights and obligations of tii.- citizens or subjects 

 a* private persons ; hence the expression " Civil C.*Ii-" (.-./, o'n'/), and 

 among the German-, r /'rlirhti tlttft&nch. [CODIFICATION.] 



German lawyers therefore *ay that civil law is a part of private law 

 (privat-rrtfit.) In this sense civil law is distinguished from other 

 brnnche* of law, a*, for example, criminal law, ecclesiastical law, Ac. 



<'IVIL LIST, an the words imply, was formerly the name given to 

 tin- lit of all the expenies of the civil government of the com. 

 lie beads of public expsndfam, excepting those of thn at: 

 nary, and the other military dcpai 'riginally in this country 



nil the expense* of the government, the military expense* not cxcepted, 

 were comprehended in one general list, and defrayed out of what was 

 Called the royal revenue. For a considerable period after the Conquest 

 the royal revenue was derived from the rents of the crown lands, and 

 from other source* which were at the command of the crown through 

 the exercise of the prerogative. Both the collection and the expen- 

 diture of the whole were under the uncontrolled management of the 

 king. Even when, at a later period, the greater portion of the expenses 



CLAN. MI 



of the government came to be granted by parliament in the form of 

 supplies, the entire expenditure was still left with the crown, the 

 supplies being either voted for no specific purpose, or when it was 

 otherwise, no responsibility as to the appli m being enforced. 



This state of things continued to the Restoration. A di-> 

 then made between the military expense* t . 

 occasioned by the wars in which the country might bo i: 

 which were considered of the nature of extraordinary expense*, and 

 those incurred in the maintenance of the ordinary estal . 

 the country. The revenues appropriated to the latter were railed tin. 

 hereditary or civil-list revenues, and were provided for partly from the 

 crown lands that remained unalieuated, and partly from certain taxes 

 imposed by parliament expressly for that purpose during the lit'o uf the 

 reigning king. The civil list thus obtained nmuunUtl, during tin- 

 reign of William III., on an average of years, to the annual sum of about 

 680,0007. Out of this sum were paid the expenses of the royal house- 

 li"M. "f the privy purse, of the maintenance and repairs of the royal 

 palaces, the salaries of the lord chancellor, of the judges, of the great 

 officers of state, and of the ambassadors at foreign court* ; the incomes 

 of the members of the royal family, and many . > secret 



service money, and a long list of other claims. The intercut of the national 

 debt, however, was never defrayed from the sum allotted for the civil list. 

 In succeeding reigns, while the amount of the civil list was increased, 

 the appropriation remained much the same. On the accession of 

 George III., the amount of the civil list, 800,0007., was \. 

 liaincnt, but no particular taxes were set apart to provide i! 

 this practice has ever since continued. In 1780 Mr. Burk. 

 his bill for the better regulation of the civil list, which, although it 

 was greatly mutilated before it passed into a law (i: lished 



several useless offices, and effected some reduction of , 

 Expenses, however, still continued to grow, and at length, in 1812, 

 the annuities to various branches of the royal family, to the amount of 

 260,0007., were trauferred to the consolidated fund. It was again 

 raised, on the accession of George IV., by transferrin to the 



same fund, to the amount of 255,0007. per annum. By the Act 

 1 Will. IV., c. 25, the civil list is confined to expenses proper for the 

 maintenance of the royal household ; and in the year ended June 80, 

 18S9, the amount of the civil list, which is voted annually, was 402,8857. 

 ijesty also retains the revenues of the duchy of Lancaster, 

 which are considered to be the hereditary revenues, not of the crown, 

 but of the dukedom of Lancaster, which is permanently annexed to 

 the crown. The duchy of Cornwall belongs to the Prince of Wales. 

 The charges which used to be defrayed from the civil list are now 

 provided for separately, and in the same year mentioned above were as 

 follow : annuities and pensions, 346,6787. ; salaries and allowances, 

 158,6247.; diplomatic salaries and pensions, 183,0667. ; courts of justice, 

 722,8897.; and miscellaneous charges, 175,7387.; making a total of 

 1,969,8807. 



CLAIM IN" CHANCERY. [EQftTV.] 



CLAN, in Gaelic Ulann, which is said to signify children or descend* 

 ants. The word lias been long adopted as English. Milton says, 



" They around the flag 

 Of escb hii faction, in their tcveral clam," Ac. 



far. Loil, II. 901. 



The clans of the Highlands of Scotland are families, or rather tribea, 

 all the members of which bear the same surname, and are supposed to 

 be descended from a common ancestor, of whom the chief of the clan 

 is the lineal representative. Caiuden, and indeed all other authorities, 

 speak of the Lowlanders and Highlanders as two distinct people 

 they were generally hostile to each other, though under the same 

 sovereign. Fletcher of Saltoun, in Ki'.iH, nays of them : " It were 

 to bo wished that the government would think fit to transplan 1 

 handful of people and their masters (who have always disturbed our 

 peace) into the Low country, and people the Highlands from i 



:ie to be a perpetual occasion of mischief 

 Oamden, speaking of the Scotch High- 

 landers, "iuto famil : i .-. which tin. .what with plundering 

 and murdering, they commit such barbarous outrages that their savage 

 cniclty hath made the law necessary which enacts, that if one of any 

 clan hath committed a trespass, the rest shall repair the damage, 

 or whoever of them is taken shall suffer dcith. ' s "inc. clans are 

 divided into several branches, each of v, ' r sur- 

 name. According to Colonel Stewart, in I liarac- 

 ter, Manners, and Present State of the IIU-Mand. i - < 

 (2 vols. BTO, l-Minl). 1S-J2), this surname, peculiar to the l.ranch, is 

 called the IIIIH iloinc, that is, the gcneal";- 



ii'. m ilir Christian name or othi-r .1. -irn.it:. n of the ancestor of the 

 l.i.in.-h. It i n the ii. line generally used in common convn 

 .\.iy Highlander in writing his sign..' .duo for the most part 



when he has to mention another person in writing. 

 which is common to the whole clan. Most of the Highland no) 

 and gentlemen have designations peculiar to them as clii 

 clans, which in their own country no feudal titles or distinctions, how- 

 ever exalted, are allowed to efface. "Besides his ordinary name and 

 surname," says Sir Walter Scott (note to ' Lady of the Lak. 

 ' which were chiefly used in the intercourse with the Lowlands, every 

 Highland chief had an epithet expressive of his patriarchal dignity as 



