967 



CLAN. 



CLARIFICATION. 



head of the clan, and which was common to all his predecessors and 

 successors, as Pharaoh to the kings of Egypt, or Arsaces to those of 

 Parthia. This name was usually a patronymic, expressive of his 

 descent from the founder of the family. Thus the Duke of Argyle is 

 called Mac Callum More, or the Son of Colin the Great. Sometimes, 

 however, it is derived from armorial distinctions, or the memory of some 

 great feat : thus Lord Seaforth, as chief of the Mackenzies, or Clan- 

 Kennet, bears the epithet of Caber-Fae, or Sufk's Head, as repre- 

 sentative of Colin Fitzgerald, founder of the family, who saved the 

 Scottish king when endangered by a stag." 



Although the chieftainship of the clau now descends regularly from 

 father to son or other male heir, there can be little doubt that in 

 ancient times the custom of tanistry prevailed among the Scottish 

 Highlanders, as it did down to a comparatively recent date among the 

 Irish. [BKEHOX LAWS.] 



In Gaelic the individuals of a clan were distinguished from each 

 other by the addition to their own name of that of their fathers ; as, 

 Roderick vich Alpin, that is, son of Alpiu ; sometimes with the 

 further addition of the name of the grandfather, and the patronymic of 

 the clan was only used to or by strangers. 



The common prefix of the Scottish patronymics of clans is Mac, that 

 of the Irish 0' both signifying son, or at least descendant. But many 

 Irish names also begin with Mac, and some with the synonymous 

 Norman Fitz, the same word with the modern French fits ; and the 

 rich, or nich, used as an affix in the same sense by the Russians, is 

 almost identical with the Gaelic. Several of the Scottish clans, how- 

 ever, have surnames in which the common prefix does not appear ; as, 

 for instance, the Stewarts, the Gordons, the Robertsons, the Camerons, 

 the Campbells, the Chisholms ; and the Clan Chattan, once a very 

 powerful one, had for its head Mackintosh of Mackintosh, captain of 

 Clan Chattan ; while the offshoots, still claiming to belong to the clan, 

 took the names of Macgillivray, Macbeau, Macqueen, Macphail, Shaw, 

 Gow or Smith, Davidson, Clark, and others. Several of these clans 

 are generally understood not to be of Celtic descent ; or rather, the 

 chieftainship has passed by marriage or otherwise into Lowland, Nor- 

 man, or Saxon families. Indeed, the tribes inhabiting the southern 

 borders of Scotland, whose connection with, and dependence upon their 

 chiefs used to be nearly as complete as that which prevailed in the 

 Highlands (see the Introduction to Scott's ' Miutrelsy of the Scottish 

 Border '), are often also familiarly spoken of as clans. Scott, in the 

 battle canto of Marmion, says : 



" Against them come, 



Of gallant Gordons many a one, 

 And many a stubborn Badenoch man, 

 And many a rugged border clan, 



With Huntley and with Home." 



And the old Scottish statutes, passed in the 16th century for regulating 

 the Borders, speak of " clans having captains and chieftains, on whom 

 they depend, oft-times against the wills of their landlords." " Of 

 course," says Scott, referring to Acts passed in 1574 and 1587, " these 

 laws looked less to the feudal superior than to the chieftain of the 

 name for the restraint of the disorderly tribes ; and it is repeatedly 

 enacted, that the head of the clan should be first called upon to deliver 

 those of his sept who should commit any trespass, and that on his 

 failure to do so he should be liable to the injured party in full redress." 

 (' Introduction to Border Minstrelsy.') The essential distinction was, 

 that in the Highland clans, the chief was the head of the family ; the 

 whole of the land was his, but only held for the benefit of the whole, 

 which he apportioned as he thought proper ; while every individual 

 looked to the chief for maintenance and support. In the Lowlands, 

 and on the Borders, the feudal system prevailed, and property was 

 individualised under certain stipulations for services, civil or military. 

 The difference was shown very remarkably after the rebellious of 1715 

 and 1745, when, though many of tlie territorial possessions were for- 

 feited by the chiefs and transferred to other proprietors, the cultivators 

 long continued to consider the old chiefs as the rightful owners, and paid 

 them their tribute accordingly. Also, after the abolition of hereditary 

 jurisdictions in 1748, the great Highland proprietors felt the support of 

 their clans a heavy burden, of which they endeavoured to rid them- 

 selves. As the clansmen held no distinct portion of the laud, the chief 

 had only to reduce the number of his followers, and he increased the 

 extent of his own possessions. To effect this, considerable severity was 

 used in too many cases, and large numbers of families were evicted 

 from holdings possessed by then- ancestors for centuries, to make room 

 for cattle and sheep. 



According to Colonel Stewart (' Sketches," &c., vol. i.), the Gaelic 

 clans of Scotland occupied the counties of Sutherland, Caithness, Ross, 

 Inverness, Cromarty, Nairn, Argyle, Bute, and the Hebrides, with part 

 of Moray, Banff, Stirling, Perth, Dumbarton, Aberdeen, and Angus. 

 He has given a map of Scotland, in which the locality of each clan is 

 marked ; and in the second and third sections of his work he describes 

 and examines the system of clanship and its consequences. In his 

 necond volume, Appendix Q, is on the Distinctive Patronymics of the 

 Clans. In Robert Patten's ' History of the Rebellion of 1715 ' (3rd 

 edit., 8vo, Lond. 1745), pp. 191-199, is given 'A List of the most con- 

 siderable Chiefs in Scotland, and the number of men they can raise, 

 with an account of their disposition for or against the government,' 



which includes the clans. ' Note," says Patten, " that all the chiefs 

 in Scotland are chiefs of clans, properly so speaking, whether noblemen 

 or gentlemen ; but commonly the last only are called the clans, and 

 particularly those of them who live in the north and west Highlands 

 and Isles." Patten's list may be compared with a ' Memorial on the 

 Military strength of the Clans,' which Colonel Stewart has printed in 

 his Appendix C, and which he conceives to have been drawn up a short 

 time before the rebellion of 1745 by President Forbes. Bishop Nichol- 

 son has printed in his ' Scottish Historical Library,' from Bell's manu- 

 script ' Introduction to the History of Cumberland,' a catalogue of thr. 

 chiefs and clans of what was called the west border of the south of 

 Scotland, that in 1547 submitted and gave pledges to Lord Wharton, 

 who had overrun the country, that they would serve the King of 

 England, with the number of followers they could command annexed 

 to the name of each. It has been transferred by Scott to a note on his 

 ' Introduction to the Border Minstrelsy,' along with a list of the east 

 Border chiefs who did homage the same year to the Duke of Somerset, 

 from William Patten's diary of the duke's expedition, originally printed 

 in 1548, and reprinted in Dalyell's ' Fragments of Scottish History.' 



The system of clanship, as it subsisted in the Highlands of Scotland, 

 making allowance for the modifications it received from feudalism, in 

 respect of the tenure of property superinduced upon ite miginal purely 

 patriarchal character, is essentially the same state of society that has 

 always prevailed among the wandering Arabs and Tatars of the East. 

 Gibbon's description of the social condition of the Tatars, or, as he 

 calls them, Scythian hordes, in his 26th chapter, would, in great part, 

 suit the state of things in the Highlands, at least as it remained down 

 to the rebellion of 1745. Since that attempt, the measures which the 

 government was induced to take in consequence of it, and, in a still 

 greater degree, the progress made in agricultural and commercial 

 improvement in every part of the Highlands, has reduced the old spirit 

 of clanship to a mere name. 



CLARE, NUNS OF THE ORDER OF ST., were instituted by 

 that person at Assisi, in Italy, according to Newcourt, about A.D. 1212. 

 This order was confirmed by Pope Innocent III., and, after him, by 

 Pope Honorius III., A.D. 1223, and was subsequently divided into a 

 stricter and a looser sort. (Newc. ' Repert. Ecclesiast." vol. i. p. 562.) 

 " St. Clare," says Tanner, " was born in the same town and lived at the 

 same time with St. Francis, and her nuns observing St. Francis's rule, 

 and wearing the same coloured habit with the Franciscan friars, were 

 often called Minoresses, and their house without Aldgate (London), the 

 Minories." They were brought into England by Blanche, queen of 

 Navarre, who was wife to Edmund earl of Lancaster, Leicester, and 

 Derby, under a licence from King Edward I., A.D., 1293. Besides this, 

 there were only three other houses of this order in England, viz. 

 Waterbeche and Denny, in Cambridgeshire, and Brusyard in Suffolk. 



CLARENCEUX, the name of one of the provincial kiugs-of-arms 

 in the Heralds' College. As early as the reign of Edward III. there 

 were two kings-of-arms, who bore the titles of Surroy and Norroy 

 (that is, South and North Kings). Lower ('Curiosities of Heraldry') 

 states that the title of Surroy was changed to Clarenceux by Henry V., 

 who, preferring the herald of his brother Thomas, Duke of Clarence, 

 constable of the army, created him a king-of-arms, and placed the part 

 of England south of the Trent under his care. William Horseley was 

 so created by Henry V., and Roger Lygh by Henry VI. Afterwards it 

 sunk into the office of a herald only, but was again revived in the 

 reign of Edward IV. in favour of William Hawkeslow, who had, how- 

 ever, the west of England only allotted to him as a province. Sir 

 Thomas Holme, knight, who succeeded to the office in 1476, appears to 

 have had first the west, and then the south of England, as the district 

 in which he was to give armorial bearings. This privilege is now 

 exercised by Clarenceux and Norroy concurrently with Garter. 



The arms of Clarenceux are, argent, St. George's Cross, upon a 

 chief gules a lion of England crowned with an open crown. The 

 badge is the same, in an escutcheon, crowned with a crown of a king-of- 

 arms, upon a green ground on one side ; and on the other, the royal 

 arms crowned upon a white ground, pendent to a gold chain, or simple 

 riband. 



CLARENDON, THE CONSTITUTIONS OF, were certain reso- 

 lutions, which were in effect ordinances agreed to at a general council 

 of the nobility and prelates assembled by Henry II. at his palace or 

 manor of Clarendon, in Wiltshire, in 1164. These enactments, which 

 the preamble declares to be a record and recognition of the ancient laws 

 and customs of the realm, were sixteen in number, and were intended 

 to define the respective limits of the civil and ecclesiastical jurisdictions, 

 to prevent fxirther encroachments by the clergy, and to abolish the 

 abuses which had arisen from the gradual and increasing usurpations 

 of the pope. (Knight's ' Popular Hist, of England,' vol. i. p. 286.) 



CLARET. [WiNE.] 



CLARIFICATION, as a manufacturing process, is a mode of 

 clearing or cleansing liquids from certain impurities which affect the 

 colour, odour, taste, or other qualities. According to the nature of the 

 liquid, so does the clarifying agent vary. The process is often called 

 " fining," in reference to the effect in rendering the liquid fine and 

 bright. Some clarifiers act by combining with, or collecting the 

 feculent matter, and subsiding with it to the bottom of the vessel. 

 Others effect a chemical change in the floating impurities, and render 

 them heavy enough to sink to the bottom by their own weight. The 



