CLUNY, ORDER OF MONKS OF. 



CLYSTERS. 



U founder, Unit met at another well-known Uvern, called H 

 Tv*rn. It stood between the Temple Octet and Temple Bar. It WM 

 for thi* club that Jonson wrote the ' Legs* Convivales,' which are 

 printed among hi* work*. 



It Menu to have been not tUl a considerable time after this that 

 political club* firrt oame into vogue. 



In the ' Spectator,' No. 78, Addison makee mention of " the club, 

 or rather the confederacy, of Kings. Thi grand alliance," he ob- 

 aerre*, " was formed a little after the return of King Charles II., 

 and admitted into it men of all qualities and professions, provided 

 they agreed in thi* surname of King, which, as they imagined, suffi- 

 ciently declared the owner* of it to be altogether untainted with 

 republican and antiuiotutrchical principles." A famous political club of 

 thoee day* was the King'* Head Chili, which is alluded to in Tate'i 

 continuation of Dryden's 'Absalom and Ahithophel.' It was n whig 

 club ; and the badge of it* member* was a green ribbon, in opposition 

 to the toriet, who wore a scarlet ribbon in their hats. (See Dryden's 

 Works, by Scott, vol. vii. p. 164, and vol. ix. p. 880.) 



The great age of clube, political, literary, and of every other descrip- 

 tion, WM the early part of the lost century. Then flourished, among 

 many other*, the Brothers' Club, in which were associated Harley, 

 Bolingbroke, Swift, and the other most distinguished literary and 

 political characters of the day : the famous Scriblerus Club, of which 

 Pope, Swift, and Arbuthnot were the leading members : the October 

 Club, of the original institution and subsequent history of which an 

 account may be found in Swift's 'Four last Years of the Reign of 

 Queen Anne,' and also in a satirical pamphlet entitled ' The Secret 

 History of the October Club, from it* original to this time, by a 

 Member,' 8vo, London, 1711: the Hanoverian Club: the first Beef- 

 Steak Club, of which Mrs. Woffington, the actress, was president, 

 being the only female member, and Richard Estcourt, the comedian, 

 provuor, wearing in that character a small gridiron of gold, hung round 

 his neck with a green silk ribbon ; and, above all, the celebrated K it- 

 Cat Club, which U said indeed to have been instituted at the time of 

 the trial of the seven bishops, in the reign of James II., but was in it* 

 greatest glory in that of Queen Anne ; and a most interesting memorial 

 of which, when at its most flourishing period, exists in the famous 

 eerie* of portraits of the forty members, painted by Sir Godfrey 

 Kneller for Jacob Tonson, the bookseller. These Kit-cat portraits, as 

 they are called, are now the property of Tonson's representative, 

 Mr. W. R. Baker, of Bayfordbury, Herts. 



In 1735 the second Beef -Steak Club, which has embraced among 

 it* members the most eminent public characters that have appeared 

 ince its institution, originated with Rich, the pontomimist, and the 

 Earl of Peterborough. For on account of the circumstances, see 

 an entertaining work entitled ' The Clubs of London,' 2 vols., 8vo, 

 London, 1828. 



Of clubs of more recent institution, the most famous is that called 

 by it* founders and members " The Club," but which is commonly 

 known as the Literary Club, established in the year 1764, of which 

 Johnson, Boswell, Burke, Reynolds, Goldsmith, and other well-known 

 names, were in the original list of members. Along with this may be 

 mentioned the Essex Head Club, also founded a few years after by 

 Johnson. It took its name from the tavern at which it met, ii- 

 Street. One of the mort successful literary clubs of modern times was 



that called the King of Clubs, which began al t thr yaw 1 



u*ed to meet at the Crown anil Anchor, in the Strand. An account 

 of it is given in the *eoond volume of the ' Clubs of London.' 



The modern subscription houses which go In- tin- mine of clubs, 

 such a* the Atbemeum, the University, the Senior anil Junior United 

 Ben lee, and other* of the same description, are in no other respect 

 clubs, according to the ancient English understanding of the term, 

 except that every member must be balloted for, or admitted by the 

 content of the net. And little more of the true character of .-<.' club 

 belong* to thaee numerous political associations known as tin- Whig 

 Club of Brooke*'*, the club at White'*, the Carlt <n club, fee. Political 

 association*, in imitation of those existing in England, were formed at 

 Paris in the earliest stage of the French revolution, and assu. 

 English name of clubs. The Breton Club, the Jacobin i 'Inb, the Club 

 del Feuillans, and other*, performed an important part in the various 

 scenes of that extraordinary drama. 



CLUNY, ORDER OF MONKS OF; a branch of the Benedictines. 

 Their original abbey was situated at Cluny in the department 

 SaoM, and they were distinguished as l>eing reformers of the Bene- 

 dictine order in M7, mort strictly observing the rules a* prescribed by 

 it* founder. Under the name of Cluniacs they became very popular, 

 and by the 18th century they numbered 2000 cloisters in various part* 

 of Europe. William, Earl of Warren, son-in-law to William tlir Con- 

 queror, brought the** monk* into England, and built tin 

 at Lewe*, in Suttex, about A.D. 1077 or 1078 ; mid in the latest 

 of Dngdale'i ' Monwtieon,' forty-two are mentioned, exclusive of three 

 cell* whose existence it not very distinctly known. 

 m All the monasteries of this order in' England were goven. 

 hiiflifiitii, had more French than English monks in them, ai 

 not only subject to the foreign house* of Cluny, La Charito 1 sur Loire 

 and Bt Martin de* Champ* at Parl, but could be visited by them 

 only. None of their priors were elected by the respectire convents, but 

 J by toe above-mentioned foreign houses. They could n. t 



receive the profession of their novices in England. To have their 

 difference* determined, they were obliged, in almost all case*, to go to 

 their superiors beyond sea; by which means the greatest part .i 



; were carried to those foreign house* : and upon t 

 during the wars with France, tin* different establishments of tin 

 were generally seized into the king's hands as alien priori.-*. .\ 



'i from a large number of tin Knglish Cluniac monk* to tin- 

 parliament at Winchester in the 4th Edwatd 1 1 !., tl,. -. ineomenienoe* 

 were by degree* removed ; and ome of their houses were in tl 

 the following reign made denizen. Bermondsey, one of 

 houses of this order, was made an abbey; and nil of them were 

 discharged from all manner of subjection and < 



'.tier says this did not take place till \\i~i. 



tation from the parent abbey of Cluny, sent to Henry VI.. in addition 

 to claiming the restitution of their possessions generally, desired 

 to enter all places depending upon their houses ; but instead of 

 obtaining what they asked, they were deprived of the subjection of nil 

 houses of their order in England. After a while the Cluniacs were 

 eclipsed by the Cistercians. 



Slevesholm, in Norfolk, was the lost of thei* houses founded in 

 England, about 12 - 2->. Four of tlirir principal establishment* were 

 among those which Cardinal Wolscy dissolved in 1625; and the rest 

 followed at the Reformation. 



CLUTCH. [Cor IT.: - 



CLYTE1-S SOBIESKI (the shield of Sobieski), a constellation 

 formed by Hevelius out of some small stars below Aqnila, and passing 

 the meridian about an hour before a .Aquila. The name was given in 

 honour of John Sobieski III., king of Poland. None of the stars in 

 this constellation exceed the fifth magnitude. 



CLYSTKliS (tin- (livek (tAwrr^p), lavements, or ettematn. 



ed upon medicinal agents introduced into the rectum, or lower 

 bowel, with the intention of expelling its contents, or producing 

 other local cflectfl, but al.--. < !ly to influence the system 



generally. The intestinal canal, from its . -. .nun. -nr. -incut at the mouth 

 to its termination in the rectum, is endov, ilities; 



and though each portion of it has some special oil' whole 



responds to certain stimulants, whatever put they may be applied to. 

 Thus purgative medicines may be introduced into it either bv iln- 

 mouth or by the rectum, and to a certain extent their 

 same, that is, both will occasion an expulsion of tb "f the 



lower bowel; but the secondary influence on the system will be 

 different, inasmuch as when the ] :i by the mouth, 



during the whole course of its descent it prodvices, ace. n-ding 

 nature, a special action on each portion as it pa ntly causing 



an increased secretion of serum, and so materially affecting the general 

 system. But when the same i- introduced by the rectum, it 



only produces a local effect, by bringing about tin f tin- 



content*, and influencing the system generally only win; 

 of such a nature as to occasion irritation by tin 

 ore also employed to assist in retaining tin- contents of the 



when tin v arc expelled too frequently, as in many eases of diarrl i. 



- of this latter kind are lil, ' to aid in i. 



contents of some of the neighbouring organs, such as of the nt 

 cases where abortion i.-, threatened: and are also cnipl. ;. 

 ]u'n and irritation in the bladder, kidneys, &c. Further, when the 

 month or upper part of the throat is closed, as in spasmodic diseases, 

 such as lock-jaw, or from tumours or i ptcntly 



made the vehicle for introducing . in- into the 



system. The only other point requiring notice here is the fact ' 

 the sensibility of the rectum is considerably less than that of the 

 stomach, the doses of most articles given as clysters must In- greater 

 than when administered by the mo 



Clysters ore rarely, except in two instances, taken .u-admini 

 without the order or sn] . ,1 attendant . 



and therefore we shall eotilin. us chiefly to those two 



coses. The first and most common is where persons cnipl..\ thnn for 

 the relief of constipation ; for this purpose tepid wa; i-. by 



means of a proper instrument, thrown up into bl 

 suitable quantity (about a pint 

 bringing with it the other contents of the low . 



nc of such means no objection can be urged : 

 lly, and as te for the . 



injury will result. Constipation does not in gmrial depend 

 want ol 'In- rectum to expel it- contents, but upon the 



improper diet, or a deficiency of tie < .f (lie upper part, of the 



nal canal, such as the oile. which furnishes the natural sliinuliiM 

 to the intestines; and clysters H'cctnally supply the v 



these secretions. Hy the ab. 'n*. the t ,,f i]i,. whole 



nal may be lost, and the process of nutrition 

 -it ing anil o' ' ices have followed. I 



even o] 



plishmi nt i-; j and orea lil '-. At tin 



mctit of fevci |>laints,thr 



of the contents of tho rectum is desirable ; and here niedieinc- 

 be taken by the mouth, owing to the irritability of t! 

 causing their rejection, clysters of purgative substances, such as castor 

 oil, or infusion of senna with sulphate of soda, may be used. I 

 relief i i i'c diseases, clysters of the fetid gin 



